Towards poverty alleviation for the base of pyramid: social business model in urban low-cost housings
Abstract
Purpose – this study investigates alternative a small-scale social business model that potentially generate sustainable income for households at the base of the pyramid. A comparison of two low-cost housings that have a different geographical condition and local characteristics is examined.
Research methodology – this research adopted two-stage approach to address the research objective. A pairwise comparison was employed to evaluate alternatives based on selected criteria for decision-making. In the second stage, the proposed business model was assessed by taking into account investment, processing cost, and revenue.
Findings – the findings of this research suggest suitable business model that combine profit orientation and facilitates social mission in urban settings. The business model offers attractive financial feasibility from the investor viewpoint and simultaneously engages low-income households to improve their prosperity level leaving the base of the pyramid (BOP) status.
Research limitations – this paper is not involving division of responsibility between stakeholders in low-cost housing and BOP sector. This study also not discussed how social entrepreneurs play a role in the social business model. There is a need to further investigate how the impact of social entrepreneurs on this model and engage collaboration with interest parties to engage community development.
Practical implications – the findings recommend strategies that can be used by policy-makers and other related stakeholders to scale-up the business model, empower more low-income households, and create new job opportunities for urban poor. The findings of this research also indicate social business model that enables households at the BOP to earn sustainable income and release their current poverty status.
Originality/Value – the research is one of the few studies that explored alternatives to social business models available for urban poor by taking into account project feasibility. No previous research has been attempted to consider both pairwise comparison and life cycle cost approach in the development of social business models. This research can be found useful for those with similar issues not only in emerging economies but also in developed countries.
Keyword : developing countries, feasibility, housing, poverty, social business model, sustainability
How to Cite
Berawi, M. A., & Miraj, P. (2023). Towards poverty alleviation for the base of pyramid: social business model in urban low-cost housings. Business, Management and Economics Engineering, 21(1), 169–189. https://doi.org/10.3846/bmee.2023.18822
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Cheah, J., Amran, A., & Yahya, S. (2019). Internal oriented resources and social enterprises’ performance: How can social enterprises help themselves before helping others? Journal of Cleaner Production, 211, 607–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.203
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Corburn, J., & Sverdlik, A. (2017). Slum upgrading and health equity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(4), 342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040342
Dahles, H., Khieng, S., Verver, M., & Manders, I. (2020). Social entrepreneurship and tourism in Cambodia: Advancing community engagement. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(6), 816–833. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1706544
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Finbox.com. (2023). WACC For Multiple Companies in Indonesia. https://finbox.com/DB:3GZA/explorer/wacc/
Foss, N. J., & Saebi, T. (2017). Fifteen years of research on business model innovation: How far have we come, and where should we go? Journal of Management, 43(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316675927
Franc-Dabrowska, J., Madra-Sawicka, M., & Milewska, A. (2021). Energy sector risk and cost of capital assessment – Companies and investors perspective. Energies, 14(6), 1613. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061613
Geradts, T., Jansen, J., & Cornelissen, J. (2022). Let’s profitably fight poverty, shall we? How managers use emotional framing to develop base of the pyramid ventures inside a large fast-moving consumer goods company. Organization & Environment, 4, 579–606. https://doi.org/10.1177/10860266221095253
Guinée, J. B., Heijungs, R., Huppes, G., Zamagni, A., Masoni, P., Buonamici, R., Ekvall, T., & Rydberg, T. (2011). Life cycle assessment: Past, present, and future. Environmental Science and Technology, 45(1), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1021/es101316v
Headey, D., Goudet, S., Lambrecht, I., Maffioli, E. M., Oo, T. Z., & Russell, T. (2022). Poverty and food insecurity during COVID-19: Phone-survey evidence from rural and urban Myanmar in 2020. Global Food Security, 33, 100626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100626
Hedman, J., & Kalling, T. (2003). The business model concept: Theoretical underpinnings and empirical illustrations. European Journal of Information Systems, 12(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000446
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Jaiyebo, O. (2003). Women and household sustenance: Changing livelihoods and survival strategies in the peri-urban areas of Ibadan. Environment and Urbanization, 15(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780301500113
Jakarta Central Bureau of Statistics. (2022). Poverty level in DKI Jakarta. https://jakarta.bps.go.id/
Jakarta Provincial Government. (2018). Housing service retribution rates (in Indonesian). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/88325/pergub-prov-dki-jakarta-no-55-tahun-2018
Kolk, A., Rivera-Santos, M., & Rufín, C. (2014). Reviewing a decade of research on the “Base/Bottom of the Pyramid” (BOP) concept. Business & Society, 53(3), 338–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650312474928
Koziol, C. (2014). A simple correction of the WACC discount rate for default risk and bankruptcy costs. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 42(4), 653–666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-013-0356-x
Kuckertz, A., Bernhard, A., Berger, E. S. C., Dvouletý, O., Harms, R., Jack, S., & Kibler, E. (2023). Scaling the right answers – Creating and maintaining hope through social entrepreneurship in light of humanitarian crises. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 19, e00356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2022.e00356
Laylo, A. (2018). Macro-level enabling conditions for the formation of social business enterprises in the Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-12-2017-0044
Li, Z., Chow, D., Ding, D., Ying, J., Hu, Y., Chen, H., & Zhao, W. (2020). The development and realisation of a multi-faceted system for green building planning: A case in Ningbo using the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process. Energy and Buildings, 226, 110371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110371
Madanaguli, A., Dhir, A., Talwar, S., Clauss, T., Kraus, S., & Kaur, P. (2023). Diving into the uncertainties of open innovation: A systematic review of risks to uncover pertinent typologies and unexplored horizons. Technovation, 119, 102582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102582
Majid, W. (2022). Housing allowance and the perverse theory of housing outcomes. Urban Research & Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2022.2098049
Ma, L., Wang, S., & Wästfelt, A. (2022). The poverty of farmers in a main grain-producing area in Northeast China. Land, 11(5), 594. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11050594
Mian, M. A., & Vélez-Pareja, I. (2008). Applicability of the Classic WACC Concept in Practice. Latin American Business Review, 8(2), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10978520802084123
Michelini, L., & Fiorentino, D. (2012). New business models for creating shared value. Social Responsibility Journal, 8(4), 561–577. https://doi.org/10.1108/17471111211272129
Ministry of Public Works and Housing. (2016). Penataan Kawasan Kumuh Oleh Pemerintah. https://pu.go.id/berita/tahun-2016-2-162-ha-kawasan-kumuh-dilakukan-penataan-oleh-pemerintah
Miraj, P., Berawi, M. A., & Utami, S. R. (2021). Economic feasibility of green office building: combining life cycle cost analysis and cost–benefit evaluation. Building Research and Information, 49(6), 624–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2021.1896354
Osterwalder, A., & Pigneur, Y. (2010). Business model generation – Canvas. Wiley. http://www.businessmodelgeneration.com/canvas
Ouma, S., Corburn, J., & Weru, J. (2022). Property rights, public health, and planning for informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of Urban Affairs, 45(3), 302–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2022.2051712
Palomares-Aguirre, I., Barnett, M., Layrisse, F., & Husted, B. W. (2018). Built to scale? How sustainable business models can better serve the base of the pyramid. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 4506–4513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.084
Pinzon Amorocho, J. A., & Hartmann, T. (2022). A multi-criteria decision-making framework for residential building renovation using pairwise comparison and TOPSIS methods. Journal of Building Engineering, 53, 104596. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2022.104596
Rasmussen, B. (2007). Business models and the theory of the firm. In Pharmaceutical Industry Project (Issue Jun). https://vises.org.au/documents/32-Business_Models_Rasmussen.pdf
Sabatier, V., Medah, I., Augsdorfer, P., & Maduekwe, A. (2017). Social business model design and implementation in developing countries: Learning from an affordable medicine developed in Burkina Faso. Journal of Management Development, 36(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-03-2015-0041
Sarkar, A. (2019). The role of new ‘smart technology’ to provide water to the urban poor: A case study of water ATMs in Delhi, India. Energy, Ecology and Environment, 4(4), 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-019-00119-4
Seelos, C., & Mair, J. (2005). Social entrepreneurship: Creating new business models to serve the poor. Business Horizons, 48(3), 241–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2004.11.006
Seelos, C., & Mair, J. (2007). Profitable business models and market creation in the context of deep poverty: A strategic view. Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(4), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2007.27895339
Semprebon, E., Porsse, M. de C. S., Gurak, E. C., & Dameto, F. (2020). Explaining poverty and business with network concepts analysis. Business and Society Review, 125(3), 311–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/basr.12199
Spieth, P., Schneider, S., Clauß, T., & Eichenberg, D. (2019). Value drivers of social businesses: A business model perspective. Long Range Planning, 52(3), 427–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2018.04.004
Srimulyani, V. A., & Hermanto, Y. B. (2022). Impact of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial motivation on micro and small business success for food and beverage sector in East Java, Indonesia. Economies, 10(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10010010
Teece, D. J. (2010). Business models, business strategy and innovation. Long Range Planning, 43(2–3), 172–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2009.07.003
Thakur, V., Parida, D. J., & Raj, V. (2022). Sustainable municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in the smart cities in Indian context. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-10-2021-0588
UN-Habitat. (2016). Urbanization and development: Emerging futures. In UN Habitat World Cities Report 2016. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/download-manager-files/WCR-2016-WEB.pdf
United Nations Development Programme. (2018). The 2018 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): Illuminating Inequalities. Human Development Report. http://hdr.undp.org/en/2018-MPI
Visser, W., & Prahalad, C. K. (2013). The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid. In The Top 50 Sustainability Books.
Wikimedia Commons. (2007). Indonesia provinces blank map. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Indonesia_provinces_blank_map.svg
World Bank. (2022). Fact sheet: An adjustment to global poverty lines. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2022/05/02/fact-sheet-an-adjustment-to-global-poverty-lines
Yunus, M., Moingeon, B., & Lehmann-Ortega, L. (2010). Building social business models: Lessons from the grameen experience. Long Range Planning, 43(2–3), 308–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2009.12.005
Zardari, N. H., Ahmed, K., Shirazi, S. M., & Yusop, Z. Bin. (2015). Weighting methods and their effects on multi-criteria decision making model outcomes in water resources management. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12586-2
Zott, C., Amit, R., & Massa, L. (2011). The business model: Recent developments and future research. Journal of Management, 37(4), 1019–1042. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311406265
Barro, R. J. (2013). Inflation and economic growth. Annals of Economics and Finance, 14(1), 121–144. https://doi.org/10.1086/259360
Biglaiser, G., & McGauvran, R. J. (2022). The effects of IMF loan conditions on poverty in the developing world. Journal of International Relations and Development, 25(3), 806–833. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-022-00263-1
Bocken, N. M. P., Fil, A., & Prabhu, J. (2016). Scaling up social businesses in developing markets. Journal of Cleaner Production, 139, 295–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.08.045
Cheah, J., Amran, A., & Yahya, S. (2019). Internal oriented resources and social enterprises’ performance: How can social enterprises help themselves before helping others? Journal of Cleaner Production, 211, 607–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.203
CNN. (2020). Survei: Kewirausahaan Sosial Bisa Bangun Ekonomi Kreatif. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20181217184258-532-354362/survei-kewirausahaan-sosial-bisa-bangun-ekonomi-kreatif
Corburn, J., & Sverdlik, A. (2017). Slum upgrading and health equity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(4), 342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040342
Dahles, H., Khieng, S., Verver, M., & Manders, I. (2020). Social entrepreneurship and tourism in Cambodia: Advancing community engagement. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(6), 816–833. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1706544
Dembek, K., Sivasubramaniam, N., & Chmielewski, D. A. (2020). A systematic review of the bottom/base of the pyramid literature: Cumulative evidence and future directions. Journal of Business Ethics, 165, 365–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04105-y
Durairaj, S. K., Ong, S. K., Nee, A. Y. C., & Tan, R. B. H. (2002). Evaluation of life cycle cost analysis methodologies. Corporate Environmental Strategy, 9(1), 30–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1066-7938(01)00141-5
Finbox.com. (2023). WACC For Multiple Companies in Indonesia. https://finbox.com/DB:3GZA/explorer/wacc/
Foss, N. J., & Saebi, T. (2017). Fifteen years of research on business model innovation: How far have we come, and where should we go? Journal of Management, 43(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316675927
Franc-Dabrowska, J., Madra-Sawicka, M., & Milewska, A. (2021). Energy sector risk and cost of capital assessment – Companies and investors perspective. Energies, 14(6), 1613. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061613
Geradts, T., Jansen, J., & Cornelissen, J. (2022). Let’s profitably fight poverty, shall we? How managers use emotional framing to develop base of the pyramid ventures inside a large fast-moving consumer goods company. Organization & Environment, 4, 579–606. https://doi.org/10.1177/10860266221095253
Guinée, J. B., Heijungs, R., Huppes, G., Zamagni, A., Masoni, P., Buonamici, R., Ekvall, T., & Rydberg, T. (2011). Life cycle assessment: Past, present, and future. Environmental Science and Technology, 45(1), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1021/es101316v
Headey, D., Goudet, S., Lambrecht, I., Maffioli, E. M., Oo, T. Z., & Russell, T. (2022). Poverty and food insecurity during COVID-19: Phone-survey evidence from rural and urban Myanmar in 2020. Global Food Security, 33, 100626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100626
Hedman, J., & Kalling, T. (2003). The business model concept: Theoretical underpinnings and empirical illustrations. European Journal of Information Systems, 12(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000446
Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. (2018). Marines and fisheries in number (in Indonesian). https://kkp.go.id/setjen/satudata/artikel/9669-kelautan-dan-perikanan-dalam-angka-2018-telah-terbit
Jaiyebo, O. (2003). Women and household sustenance: Changing livelihoods and survival strategies in the peri-urban areas of Ibadan. Environment and Urbanization, 15(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780301500113
Jakarta Central Bureau of Statistics. (2022). Poverty level in DKI Jakarta. https://jakarta.bps.go.id/
Jakarta Provincial Government. (2018). Housing service retribution rates (in Indonesian). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/88325/pergub-prov-dki-jakarta-no-55-tahun-2018
Kolk, A., Rivera-Santos, M., & Rufín, C. (2014). Reviewing a decade of research on the “Base/Bottom of the Pyramid” (BOP) concept. Business & Society, 53(3), 338–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650312474928
Koziol, C. (2014). A simple correction of the WACC discount rate for default risk and bankruptcy costs. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 42(4), 653–666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-013-0356-x
Kuckertz, A., Bernhard, A., Berger, E. S. C., Dvouletý, O., Harms, R., Jack, S., & Kibler, E. (2023). Scaling the right answers – Creating and maintaining hope through social entrepreneurship in light of humanitarian crises. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 19, e00356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2022.e00356
Laylo, A. (2018). Macro-level enabling conditions for the formation of social business enterprises in the Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-12-2017-0044
Li, Z., Chow, D., Ding, D., Ying, J., Hu, Y., Chen, H., & Zhao, W. (2020). The development and realisation of a multi-faceted system for green building planning: A case in Ningbo using the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process. Energy and Buildings, 226, 110371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110371
Madanaguli, A., Dhir, A., Talwar, S., Clauss, T., Kraus, S., & Kaur, P. (2023). Diving into the uncertainties of open innovation: A systematic review of risks to uncover pertinent typologies and unexplored horizons. Technovation, 119, 102582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102582
Majid, W. (2022). Housing allowance and the perverse theory of housing outcomes. Urban Research & Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2022.2098049
Ma, L., Wang, S., & Wästfelt, A. (2022). The poverty of farmers in a main grain-producing area in Northeast China. Land, 11(5), 594. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11050594
Mian, M. A., & Vélez-Pareja, I. (2008). Applicability of the Classic WACC Concept in Practice. Latin American Business Review, 8(2), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10978520802084123
Michelini, L., & Fiorentino, D. (2012). New business models for creating shared value. Social Responsibility Journal, 8(4), 561–577. https://doi.org/10.1108/17471111211272129
Ministry of Public Works and Housing. (2016). Penataan Kawasan Kumuh Oleh Pemerintah. https://pu.go.id/berita/tahun-2016-2-162-ha-kawasan-kumuh-dilakukan-penataan-oleh-pemerintah
Miraj, P., Berawi, M. A., & Utami, S. R. (2021). Economic feasibility of green office building: combining life cycle cost analysis and cost–benefit evaluation. Building Research and Information, 49(6), 624–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2021.1896354
Osterwalder, A., & Pigneur, Y. (2010). Business model generation – Canvas. Wiley. http://www.businessmodelgeneration.com/canvas
Ouma, S., Corburn, J., & Weru, J. (2022). Property rights, public health, and planning for informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of Urban Affairs, 45(3), 302–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2022.2051712
Palomares-Aguirre, I., Barnett, M., Layrisse, F., & Husted, B. W. (2018). Built to scale? How sustainable business models can better serve the base of the pyramid. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 4506–4513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.084
Pinzon Amorocho, J. A., & Hartmann, T. (2022). A multi-criteria decision-making framework for residential building renovation using pairwise comparison and TOPSIS methods. Journal of Building Engineering, 53, 104596. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2022.104596
Rasmussen, B. (2007). Business models and the theory of the firm. In Pharmaceutical Industry Project (Issue Jun). https://vises.org.au/documents/32-Business_Models_Rasmussen.pdf
Sabatier, V., Medah, I., Augsdorfer, P., & Maduekwe, A. (2017). Social business model design and implementation in developing countries: Learning from an affordable medicine developed in Burkina Faso. Journal of Management Development, 36(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-03-2015-0041
Sarkar, A. (2019). The role of new ‘smart technology’ to provide water to the urban poor: A case study of water ATMs in Delhi, India. Energy, Ecology and Environment, 4(4), 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-019-00119-4
Seelos, C., & Mair, J. (2005). Social entrepreneurship: Creating new business models to serve the poor. Business Horizons, 48(3), 241–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2004.11.006
Seelos, C., & Mair, J. (2007). Profitable business models and market creation in the context of deep poverty: A strategic view. Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(4), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2007.27895339
Semprebon, E., Porsse, M. de C. S., Gurak, E. C., & Dameto, F. (2020). Explaining poverty and business with network concepts analysis. Business and Society Review, 125(3), 311–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/basr.12199
Spieth, P., Schneider, S., Clauß, T., & Eichenberg, D. (2019). Value drivers of social businesses: A business model perspective. Long Range Planning, 52(3), 427–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2018.04.004
Srimulyani, V. A., & Hermanto, Y. B. (2022). Impact of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial motivation on micro and small business success for food and beverage sector in East Java, Indonesia. Economies, 10(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10010010
Teece, D. J. (2010). Business models, business strategy and innovation. Long Range Planning, 43(2–3), 172–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2009.07.003
Thakur, V., Parida, D. J., & Raj, V. (2022). Sustainable municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in the smart cities in Indian context. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-10-2021-0588
UN-Habitat. (2016). Urbanization and development: Emerging futures. In UN Habitat World Cities Report 2016. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/download-manager-files/WCR-2016-WEB.pdf
United Nations Development Programme. (2018). The 2018 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): Illuminating Inequalities. Human Development Report. http://hdr.undp.org/en/2018-MPI
Visser, W., & Prahalad, C. K. (2013). The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid. In The Top 50 Sustainability Books.
Wikimedia Commons. (2007). Indonesia provinces blank map. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Indonesia_provinces_blank_map.svg
World Bank. (2022). Fact sheet: An adjustment to global poverty lines. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2022/05/02/fact-sheet-an-adjustment-to-global-poverty-lines
Yunus, M., Moingeon, B., & Lehmann-Ortega, L. (2010). Building social business models: Lessons from the grameen experience. Long Range Planning, 43(2–3), 308–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2009.12.005
Zardari, N. H., Ahmed, K., Shirazi, S. M., & Yusop, Z. Bin. (2015). Weighting methods and their effects on multi-criteria decision making model outcomes in water resources management. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12586-2
Zott, C., Amit, R., & Massa, L. (2011). The business model: Recent developments and future research. Journal of Management, 37(4), 1019–1042. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311406265