The association between emotions and public acceptance of recycled water for urban residents
Abstract
Worldwide water scarcity has prompted governments to develop alternative water resources, and public acceptance plays a critical role in the implementation of recycled water projects. The aim of this study was to explore how public acceptance can be affected by people’s emotional responses to recycled water. In study 1, the general population was divided into four groups, clustering analysis with the intensity of various emotions was conducted, and the association between emotions and acceptance was explored. In study 2, the emotions, people’s acceptance, and “objects of care” of water treatment experts were compared with those of members of the general population for further study. We found that the objects of care shortened the psychological distance between individuals and recycled water, which led people to generate specific emotions to recycled water. In a broader context, the study suggested that various emotions motivate people’s behavior to accept or oppose the use of recycled water.
Keyword : recycled water, public acceptance, emotion, care, psychological distance
How to Cite
Ding, Y., & Liu, X. (2021). The association between emotions and public acceptance of recycled water for urban residents. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 27(2), 76-86. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2021.13754
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Bar-Anan, Y., Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2006). The association between psychological distance and construal level: Evidence from an implicit association test. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135(4), 609. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.135.4.609
Böhm, G., & Pfister, H.-R. (2015). The perceiver’s social role and a risk’s causal structure as determinants of environmental risk evaluation. Journal of Risk Research, 20, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2015.1118148
Boven, L.V., Kane, J., Mcgraw, A. P., & Dale, J. (2010). Feeling close: Emotional intensity reduces perceived psychological sistance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 872–885. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019262
Browning, A., Ormerod, K., & A. Scott, C. (2011). Testing the climate for non-potable water reuse: Opportunities and challenges in water-scarce urban growth corridors. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 13, 253–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2011.594597
Brügger, A. (2013). Fear appeals and localising climate change: neither is a panacea to motivate action on climate change. A social psychological perspective [PhD thesis]. University of Exeter.
Brügger, A., Dessai, S., Devinewright, P., Morton, T. A., & Pidgeon, N. F. (2015). Psychological responses to the proximity of climate change. Nature Climate Change, 5(12), 1031–1037. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2760
Chapman, D. A., Lickel, B., & Markowitz, E. M. (2017). Reassessing emotion in climate change communication. Nature Climate Change, 7(12), 850–852. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0021-9
Chen, W., Bai, Y., Zhang, W., Lyu, S., Jiao, W., & Vincenzo, T. (2015). Perceptions of different stakeholders on reclaimed water reuse: The case of Beijing, China. Sustainability, 7(7), 9696–9710. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7079696
Chen, Z., Wu, Q., Wu, G., & Hu, H.-Y. (2017). Centralized water reuse system with multiple applications in urban areas: Lessons from China’s experience. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 117, 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.11.008
Dolnicar, S., & Schafer, A. I. (2009). Desalinated versus recycled water: public perceptions and profiles of the accepters. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(2), 888–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.02.003
Dolnicar, S., Hurlimann, A., & Gruen, B. (2011). What affects public acceptance of recycled and desalinated water? Water Research, 45(2), 933–943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.09.030
Etale, A., Fielding, K., Schäfer, A. I., & Siegrist, M. (2020). Recycled and desalinated water: Consumers’ associations, and the influence of affect and disgust on willingness to use. Journal of Environmental Management, 261, 110217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110217
Fernando, J. W., Kashima, Y., & Laham, S. M. (2014). Multiple emotions: a person-centered approach to the relationship between intergroup emotion and action orientation. Emotion, 14(4), 722–732. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036103
Fielding, K. S., & Roiko, A. H. (2014). Providing information promotes greater public support for potable recycled water. Water Research, 61, 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.05.002
Fielding, K. S., Dolnicar, S., & Schultz, T. (2018). Public acceptance of recycled water. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 35(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1419125
Fu, H., & Liu, X. (2017a). Research on the phenomenon of Chinese residents’ spiritual contagion for the reuse of recycled water based on SC-IAT. Water, 9(11), 846. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9110846
Fu, H., & Liu, X. (2017b). A study on the impact of environmental education on individuals’ behaviors concerning recycled water reuse. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education, 13(10), 6715–6724. https://doi.org/10.12973/ejmste/78192
Fu, H., Manogaran, G., Wu, K., Cao, M., Jiang, S., & Yang, A. (2020). Intelligent decision-making of online shopping behavior based on internet of things. International Journal of Information Management, 50, 515–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.03.010
Garcia-Cuerva, L., Berglund, E. Z., & Binder, A. R. (2016). Public perceptions of water shortages, conservation behaviors, and support for water reuse in the US. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 113, 106–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.06.006
Gibson, F. L., & Burton, M. (2014). Salt or sludge? Exploring preferences for potable water sources. Environmental and Resource Economics, 57(3), 453–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-013-9672-9
Goodwin, D., Raffin, M., Jeffrey, P., & Smith, H. M. (2018a). Evaluating media framing and public reactions in the context of a water reuse proposal. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 34(6), 848–868. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1347085
Goodwin, D., Raffin, M., Jeffrey, P., & Smith, H. M. (2018b). Informing public attitudes to non-potable water reuse – The impact of message framing. Water Research, 145, 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.006
Greenaway, T., & Fielding, K. S. (2020). Positive affective framing of information reduces risk perceptions and increases acceptance of recycled water. Environmental Communication, 14(3), 391–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2019.1680408
Gu, Q., Chen, Y., Pody, R., Cheng, R., Zheng, X., & Zhang, Z. (2015). Public perception and acceptability toward reclaimed water in Tianjin. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 104, 291–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.07.013
Hou, C., Fu, H., Liu, X., & Wen, Y. (2020). The effect of recycled water information disclosure on public acceptance of recycled water – Evidence from residents of Xi’an, China. Sustainable Cities and Society, 61, 102351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102351
Hou, C., Wen, Y., Liu, X., & Dong, M. (2021). Impacts of regional water shortage information disclosure on public acceptance of recycled water – evidences from China’s urban residents. Journal of Cleaner Production, 278, 123965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123965
Hurlimann, A., & Dolnicar, S. (2010). When public opposition defeats alternative water projects – the case of Toowoomba Australia. Water Research, 44(1), 287–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.09.020
Hurlimann, A., & Dolnicar, S. (2016). Public acceptance and perceptions of alternative water sources: a comparative study in nine locations. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 32(4), 650–673. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2016.1143350
Hurlimann, A., Hemphill, E., McKay, J., & Geursen, G. (2008). Establishing components of community satisfaction with recycled water use through a structural equation model. Journal of Environmental Management, 88(4), 1221–1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.06.002
Hurlimann, A., & McKay, J. (2004). Attitudes to reclaimed water for domestic use: Part 2. Trust. Water, 31, 40–45.
Hornsey, M. J., & Fielding, K. S. (2016). A cautionary note about messages of hope: Focusing on progress in reducing carbon emissions weakens mitigation motivation. Global Environmental Change, 39, 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.04.003
Kosovac, A., Hurlimann, A., & Davidson, B. (2017). Water experts’ perception of risk for new and unfamiliar water projects. Water, 9(12), 976. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9120976
Lease, H. J., MacDonald, D. H., & Cox, D. N. (2014). Consumers’ acceptance of recycled water in meat products: The influence of tasting, attitudes and values on hedonic and emotional reactions. Food Quality and Preference, 37, 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.04.002
Lee, H., & Tan, T. P. (2016). Singapore’s experience with reclaimed water: NEWater. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 32(4), 611–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2015.1120188
Lefsrud, L. M., & Meyer, R. E. (2012) Science or science fiction? Professionals’ discursive construction of climate change. Organization Studies, 33(11), 1477–1506. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840612463317
Leong, C. (2016). The role of emotions in drinking recycled water. Water, 8(11), 548. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8110548
Leviston, Z., Price, J., & Bishop, B. (2014). Imagining climate change: The role of implicit associations and affective psychological distancing in climate change responses. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44(5), 441–454. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2050
Morgan, E., & Grant-Smith, D. (2014). Tales of science and defiance: the case for co-learning and collaboration in bridging the science/emotion divide in water recycling debates. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 58(10), 1770–1788. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2014.954691
Nancarrow, B. E., Leviston, Z., Po, M., Porter, N. B., & Tucker, D. I. (2008). What drives communities’ decisions and behaviours in the reuse of wastewater. Water Science & Technology, 57(4), 485–491. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.160
Nancarrow, B. E., Leviston, Z., & Tucker, D. I. (2009). Measuring the predictors of communities’ behavioural decisions for potable reuse of wastewater. Water Science & Technology, 60(12), 3199–3209. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.759
Price, J., Fielding, K. S., Gardner, J., Leviston, Z., & Green, M. (2010). Developing effective messages about potable recycled water: The importance of message structure and content. Water Resources Research, 51, 2174–2187. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016514
Ross, V. L., Fielding, K. S., & Louis, W. R. (2014). Social trust, risk perceptions and public acceptance of recycled water: Testing a social-psychological model. Journal of Environmental Management, 137, 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.039
Rozin, P., Haddad, B., Nemeroff, C., & Slovic, P. (2015). Psychological aspects of the rejection of recycled water: Contamination, purification and disgust. Judgment and Decision Making, 10(1), 50–63.
Savchenko, O. M., Kecinski, M., Li, T., Messer, K. D., & Xu, H. (2018). Fresh foods irrigated with recycled water: A framed field experiment on consumer responses. Food Policy, 80, 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.09.005
Siemer, M., Mauss, I., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Same situation – different emotions: How appraisals shape our emotions. Emotion, 7(3), 592–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.3.592
Smith, C. A., & Kirby, L. D. (2009). Putting appraisal in context: Toward a relational model of appraisal and emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 1352–1372. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930902860386
Smith, N., & Leiserowitz, A. (2014). The role of emotion in global warming policy support and opposition. Risk Analysis, 34(5), 937–948. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12140
Smith, H. M., Brouwer, S., Jeffrey, P., & Frijns, J. (2018). Public responses to water reuse – Understanding the evidence. Journal of Environmental Management, 207, 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.021
Spence, A., Poortinga, W., & Pidgeon, N. (2011). The psychological distance of climate change. Risk Analysis, 32, 957–972. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01695.x
Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117(2), 440–463. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018963
UNESCO. (2015). The United Nations world water development report 2015: Water for a sustainable world [United Nations World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP)]. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris.
Wang, S., Leviston, Z., Hurlstone, M., Lawrence, C., & Walker, L. (2018). Emotions predict policy support: Why it matters how people feel about climate change. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions, 50, 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.03.002
Wester, J., Timpano, K. R., Cek, D., & Broad, K. (2016). The psychology of recycled water: Factors predicting disgust and willingness to use. Water Resources Research, 52(4), 3212–3226. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018340
Wester, J., Timpano, K. R., Çek, D., Lieberman, D., Fieldstone, S. C., & Broad, K. (2015). Psychological and social factors associated with wastewater reuse emotional discomfort. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 42, 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.01.003
Zeelenberg, M., Nelissen, R., Breugelmans, S., & Rik, P. (2008). On emotion specificity in decision making. Judgment and Decision Making, 3(1), 18–27.
Baggett, S., Jeffrey, P., & Jefferson, B. (2006). Risk perception in participatory planning for water reuse. Desalination, 187(1/3), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.075
Bar-Anan, Y., Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2006). The association between psychological distance and construal level: Evidence from an implicit association test. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135(4), 609. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.135.4.609
Böhm, G., & Pfister, H.-R. (2015). The perceiver’s social role and a risk’s causal structure as determinants of environmental risk evaluation. Journal of Risk Research, 20, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2015.1118148
Boven, L.V., Kane, J., Mcgraw, A. P., & Dale, J. (2010). Feeling close: Emotional intensity reduces perceived psychological sistance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 872–885. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019262
Browning, A., Ormerod, K., & A. Scott, C. (2011). Testing the climate for non-potable water reuse: Opportunities and challenges in water-scarce urban growth corridors. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 13, 253–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2011.594597
Brügger, A. (2013). Fear appeals and localising climate change: neither is a panacea to motivate action on climate change. A social psychological perspective [PhD thesis]. University of Exeter.
Brügger, A., Dessai, S., Devinewright, P., Morton, T. A., & Pidgeon, N. F. (2015). Psychological responses to the proximity of climate change. Nature Climate Change, 5(12), 1031–1037. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2760
Chapman, D. A., Lickel, B., & Markowitz, E. M. (2017). Reassessing emotion in climate change communication. Nature Climate Change, 7(12), 850–852. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0021-9
Chen, W., Bai, Y., Zhang, W., Lyu, S., Jiao, W., & Vincenzo, T. (2015). Perceptions of different stakeholders on reclaimed water reuse: The case of Beijing, China. Sustainability, 7(7), 9696–9710. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7079696
Chen, Z., Wu, Q., Wu, G., & Hu, H.-Y. (2017). Centralized water reuse system with multiple applications in urban areas: Lessons from China’s experience. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 117, 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.11.008
Dolnicar, S., & Schafer, A. I. (2009). Desalinated versus recycled water: public perceptions and profiles of the accepters. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(2), 888–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.02.003
Dolnicar, S., Hurlimann, A., & Gruen, B. (2011). What affects public acceptance of recycled and desalinated water? Water Research, 45(2), 933–943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.09.030
Etale, A., Fielding, K., Schäfer, A. I., & Siegrist, M. (2020). Recycled and desalinated water: Consumers’ associations, and the influence of affect and disgust on willingness to use. Journal of Environmental Management, 261, 110217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110217
Fernando, J. W., Kashima, Y., & Laham, S. M. (2014). Multiple emotions: a person-centered approach to the relationship between intergroup emotion and action orientation. Emotion, 14(4), 722–732. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036103
Fielding, K. S., & Roiko, A. H. (2014). Providing information promotes greater public support for potable recycled water. Water Research, 61, 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.05.002
Fielding, K. S., Dolnicar, S., & Schultz, T. (2018). Public acceptance of recycled water. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 35(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1419125
Fu, H., & Liu, X. (2017a). Research on the phenomenon of Chinese residents’ spiritual contagion for the reuse of recycled water based on SC-IAT. Water, 9(11), 846. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9110846
Fu, H., & Liu, X. (2017b). A study on the impact of environmental education on individuals’ behaviors concerning recycled water reuse. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education, 13(10), 6715–6724. https://doi.org/10.12973/ejmste/78192
Fu, H., Manogaran, G., Wu, K., Cao, M., Jiang, S., & Yang, A. (2020). Intelligent decision-making of online shopping behavior based on internet of things. International Journal of Information Management, 50, 515–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.03.010
Garcia-Cuerva, L., Berglund, E. Z., & Binder, A. R. (2016). Public perceptions of water shortages, conservation behaviors, and support for water reuse in the US. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 113, 106–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.06.006
Gibson, F. L., & Burton, M. (2014). Salt or sludge? Exploring preferences for potable water sources. Environmental and Resource Economics, 57(3), 453–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-013-9672-9
Goodwin, D., Raffin, M., Jeffrey, P., & Smith, H. M. (2018a). Evaluating media framing and public reactions in the context of a water reuse proposal. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 34(6), 848–868. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1347085
Goodwin, D., Raffin, M., Jeffrey, P., & Smith, H. M. (2018b). Informing public attitudes to non-potable water reuse – The impact of message framing. Water Research, 145, 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.006
Greenaway, T., & Fielding, K. S. (2020). Positive affective framing of information reduces risk perceptions and increases acceptance of recycled water. Environmental Communication, 14(3), 391–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2019.1680408
Gu, Q., Chen, Y., Pody, R., Cheng, R., Zheng, X., & Zhang, Z. (2015). Public perception and acceptability toward reclaimed water in Tianjin. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 104, 291–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.07.013
Hou, C., Fu, H., Liu, X., & Wen, Y. (2020). The effect of recycled water information disclosure on public acceptance of recycled water – Evidence from residents of Xi’an, China. Sustainable Cities and Society, 61, 102351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102351
Hou, C., Wen, Y., Liu, X., & Dong, M. (2021). Impacts of regional water shortage information disclosure on public acceptance of recycled water – evidences from China’s urban residents. Journal of Cleaner Production, 278, 123965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123965
Hurlimann, A., & Dolnicar, S. (2010). When public opposition defeats alternative water projects – the case of Toowoomba Australia. Water Research, 44(1), 287–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.09.020
Hurlimann, A., & Dolnicar, S. (2016). Public acceptance and perceptions of alternative water sources: a comparative study in nine locations. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 32(4), 650–673. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2016.1143350
Hurlimann, A., Hemphill, E., McKay, J., & Geursen, G. (2008). Establishing components of community satisfaction with recycled water use through a structural equation model. Journal of Environmental Management, 88(4), 1221–1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.06.002
Hurlimann, A., & McKay, J. (2004). Attitudes to reclaimed water for domestic use: Part 2. Trust. Water, 31, 40–45.
Hornsey, M. J., & Fielding, K. S. (2016). A cautionary note about messages of hope: Focusing on progress in reducing carbon emissions weakens mitigation motivation. Global Environmental Change, 39, 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.04.003
Kosovac, A., Hurlimann, A., & Davidson, B. (2017). Water experts’ perception of risk for new and unfamiliar water projects. Water, 9(12), 976. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9120976
Lease, H. J., MacDonald, D. H., & Cox, D. N. (2014). Consumers’ acceptance of recycled water in meat products: The influence of tasting, attitudes and values on hedonic and emotional reactions. Food Quality and Preference, 37, 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.04.002
Lee, H., & Tan, T. P. (2016). Singapore’s experience with reclaimed water: NEWater. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 32(4), 611–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2015.1120188
Lefsrud, L. M., & Meyer, R. E. (2012) Science or science fiction? Professionals’ discursive construction of climate change. Organization Studies, 33(11), 1477–1506. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840612463317
Leong, C. (2016). The role of emotions in drinking recycled water. Water, 8(11), 548. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8110548
Leviston, Z., Price, J., & Bishop, B. (2014). Imagining climate change: The role of implicit associations and affective psychological distancing in climate change responses. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44(5), 441–454. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2050
Morgan, E., & Grant-Smith, D. (2014). Tales of science and defiance: the case for co-learning and collaboration in bridging the science/emotion divide in water recycling debates. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 58(10), 1770–1788. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2014.954691
Nancarrow, B. E., Leviston, Z., Po, M., Porter, N. B., & Tucker, D. I. (2008). What drives communities’ decisions and behaviours in the reuse of wastewater. Water Science & Technology, 57(4), 485–491. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.160
Nancarrow, B. E., Leviston, Z., & Tucker, D. I. (2009). Measuring the predictors of communities’ behavioural decisions for potable reuse of wastewater. Water Science & Technology, 60(12), 3199–3209. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.759
Price, J., Fielding, K. S., Gardner, J., Leviston, Z., & Green, M. (2010). Developing effective messages about potable recycled water: The importance of message structure and content. Water Resources Research, 51, 2174–2187. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016514
Ross, V. L., Fielding, K. S., & Louis, W. R. (2014). Social trust, risk perceptions and public acceptance of recycled water: Testing a social-psychological model. Journal of Environmental Management, 137, 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.039
Rozin, P., Haddad, B., Nemeroff, C., & Slovic, P. (2015). Psychological aspects of the rejection of recycled water: Contamination, purification and disgust. Judgment and Decision Making, 10(1), 50–63.
Savchenko, O. M., Kecinski, M., Li, T., Messer, K. D., & Xu, H. (2018). Fresh foods irrigated with recycled water: A framed field experiment on consumer responses. Food Policy, 80, 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.09.005
Siemer, M., Mauss, I., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Same situation – different emotions: How appraisals shape our emotions. Emotion, 7(3), 592–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.3.592
Smith, C. A., & Kirby, L. D. (2009). Putting appraisal in context: Toward a relational model of appraisal and emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 1352–1372. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930902860386
Smith, N., & Leiserowitz, A. (2014). The role of emotion in global warming policy support and opposition. Risk Analysis, 34(5), 937–948. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12140
Smith, H. M., Brouwer, S., Jeffrey, P., & Frijns, J. (2018). Public responses to water reuse – Understanding the evidence. Journal of Environmental Management, 207, 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.021
Spence, A., Poortinga, W., & Pidgeon, N. (2011). The psychological distance of climate change. Risk Analysis, 32, 957–972. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01695.x
Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117(2), 440–463. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018963
UNESCO. (2015). The United Nations world water development report 2015: Water for a sustainable world [United Nations World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP)]. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris.
Wang, S., Leviston, Z., Hurlstone, M., Lawrence, C., & Walker, L. (2018). Emotions predict policy support: Why it matters how people feel about climate change. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions, 50, 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.03.002
Wester, J., Timpano, K. R., Cek, D., & Broad, K. (2016). The psychology of recycled water: Factors predicting disgust and willingness to use. Water Resources Research, 52(4), 3212–3226. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018340
Wester, J., Timpano, K. R., Çek, D., Lieberman, D., Fieldstone, S. C., & Broad, K. (2015). Psychological and social factors associated with wastewater reuse emotional discomfort. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 42, 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.01.003
Zeelenberg, M., Nelissen, R., Breugelmans, S., & Rik, P. (2008). On emotion specificity in decision making. Judgment and Decision Making, 3(1), 18–27.