Diagnosis, management, and treatment of a heritage-built environment in South Chile
Abstract
In Chile, photography arrived at the end of the 19th century together with the establishment of settlements of migrants from central Europe to southern Chile. The aims of this study are: (i) contextualise functional states of existing buildings in a specific sector of the historic Valdivia city centre; (ii) determine the state of conservation of the 42 cases under study; (iii) conduct qualitative and quantitative analyses of the main pathologies presented in the sample; (iv) perform an analysis focused on the urban context according to façade alignment, façade visibility index, and ratio of height versus street width; and (v) comparatively analyse the results achieved. This research reflects the importance of developing innovative procedures and mitigation strategies focused on preventive maintenance actions and future control systems that can maximise the resilience of a specific local context (Los Ríos region) and its surroundings. This study revealed that the number of pathologies detected was directly proportional to the state of conservation of the cases, classified by the functional service life model. Properties in Condition C were mainly affected by pathologies of a structural nature, which indicates that their functionality is not guaranteed, and a deeper inspection is needed for conservation and preservation actions.
First published online 12 December 2024
Keyword : diagnosis assessment, built environment, heritage, timber buildings, South Chile
How to Cite
Pizarro, L., Zumelzu, A., Barría, T., & Prieto, A. J. (2024). Diagnosis, management, and treatment of a heritage-built environment in South Chile. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2024.21171
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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D’Ayala, D., Wang, K., Yan, Y., Smith, H., Massam, A., Filipova, V., & Pereira, J. J. (2020). Flood vulnerability and risk assessment of urban traditional buildings in a heritage district of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 20(8), 2221–2224. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2221-2020
Farhan, S. L., Akef, V. S., & Nasar, Z. (2021). Revitalizing the historical center of Al-Najaf city in Iraq: learning from the British conservation experiences. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 12(4), 513–532. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-01-2020-0002
Guarda por Mann, R. B., Guzmán, D. E., Pazderka, C. M., & Scheel, A. Z. (2016). Transformaciones espaciales en ciudades intermedias: el caso de Valdivia-Chile y su evolución post-terremoto. Arquitectura y Urbanismo, 37(3), 1–22.
Hosni, J., & Zumelzu, A. (2019). Assessing nodality in neighbourhoods in transformation: A concept of sustainable urban form. The case study of Rahue Bajo, Osorno, Chile. Sustainable Development, 27(2), 214–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1880
Kayan, B. A. (2019). Sustainable built heritage: maintenance management appraisal approach. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 9(3), 266–281. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-10-2018-0074
Luna, A. S. (2020). El proceso de apego al recorrido peatonal cotidiano en el Centro de Santiago de Chile [Doctoral dissertation]. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.
Macías-Bernal, J. M., Calama-Rodríguez, J. M., & Chávez-de Diego, M. J. (2014). Modelo de predicción de la vida útil de la edificación patrimonial a partir de la lógica difusa. Informes de la Construcción, 66, Article e006. https://doi.org/10.3989/ic.12.107
MINVU. (2018). Circular DDU 440. Santiago, Chile.
Mohamed, A., Worku, H., & Lika, T. (2020). Urban and regional planning approaches for sustainable governance: The case of Addis Ababa and the surrounding area changing landscape. City and Environment Interactions, 8, Article 100050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cacint.2020.100050
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Nasser, N. (2003). Planning for urban heritage places: reconciling conservation, tourism, and sustainable development. Journal of Planning Literature, 17(4), 467–479. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412203017004001
Niehaus, M., Ibieta, P., Prieto, A. J., Osorio, E., & Zumelzu, A. (2021). Analytical methodologies concerning historic neighbourhoods for urban renewal in southern Chile. How to understand the place to intervene? Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 45(1), 60–72. https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2021.12894
Oliveira, V. (2013). Morpho: a methodology for assessing urban form. Urban Morphology, 17(1), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.51347/jum.v17i1.2885
Prado, F., D’Alençon, R., & Kramm, F. (2011). Arquitectura alemana en el sur de Chile: Importación y desarrollo de Patrones tipológicos, espaciales y constructivos. Revista de la Construcción, 10(2), 104–121. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-915X2011000200010
Pizarro-Reyes, L., Díaz-Lazcano, V., Zumelzu, A., & Prieto, A. J. (2022). Resilience and sustainability assessment of cultural heritage and built environment: The Libertad pedestrian walkway in Valdivia, Chile. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 53, 154–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2021.11.013
Pérez, E., & Ortega, A. (2021). Evolución de las normas urbanísticas y su incidencia en la conservación del patrimonio colonial del centro histórico de Santiago de Chile. Estoa. Revista de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Cuenca, 10(19), 44–62. https://doi.org/10.18537/est.v010.n019.a03
Prieto, A. J. (2021). Fuzzy systems in the digital management of heritage timber buildings in South Chile. Building Research & Information, 49(8), 878–892. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2021.1889350
Prieto, A. J., & Silva, A. (2020). Service life prediction and environmental exposure conditions of timber claddings in South Chile. Building Research & Information, 48(2), 191–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2019.1631143
Prieto, A. J., Vásquez, V., Silva, A., Horn, A., Alejandre, F. J., & Macías-Bernal, J. M. (2019). Protection value and functional service life of heritage timber buildings. Building Research & Information, 47(5), 567–584. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2017.1404827
Rajapakse, A. (2017). Exploring the living heritage of Galle Fort: Residents’ views on heritage values and cultural significance. Journal of Heritage Management, 2(2), 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/2455929617743583
Ruijgrok, E. C. (2006). The three economic values of cultural heritage: a case study in the Netherlands. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 7(3), 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2006.07.002
Saelzer, G., Gómez, P., & Ruiz-Tagle, A. (2019a). Integral heritage rehabilitation challenges in Southern Chile: The case of wooden cities, Valdivia. In Science and digital technology for cultural heritage (pp. 236–242). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429345470-44
Saelzer, G., Asuah, A. Y., Hosni, J., & Tagle, A. R. (2019b). Desafíos de planificación urbana en la definición de valores patrimoniales en el sur de Chile. Un estudio de caso de Valdivia: Una ciudad de madera en el sur de Chile. Urbano, 22(40), 88–107. https://doi.org/10.22320/07183607.2019.22.40.05
Silva, A., & Prieto, A. J. (2021). Modelling the service life of timber claddings using the factor method. Journal of Building Engineering, 37, Article 102137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.102137
Silva, A., De Brito, J., & Gaspar, P. L. (2016). Methodologies for service life prediction of buildings: with a focus on façade claddings. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33290-1
Tweed, C., & Sutherland, M. (2007). Built cultural heritage and sustainable urban development. Landscape and Urban Planning, 83(1), 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.05.008
Udeaja, C., Trillo, C., Awuah, K. G., Makore, B. C., Patel, D. A., Mansuri, L. E., & Jha, K. N. (2020). Urban heritage conservation and rapid urbanization: insights from Surat, India. Sustainability, 12(6), Article 2172. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062172
Valdebenito, G., Vásquez, V., Prieto, A. J., & Alvial, J. (2021). The paradigm of circular economy in heritage preservation of southern Chile. Arquitetura Revista, 17(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.4013/arq.2021.171.05
Van Kamp, I., Leidelmeijer, K., Marsman, G., & De Hollander, A. (2003). Urban environmental quality and human well-being: Towards a conceptual framework and demarcation of concepts; a literature study. Landscape and Urban Planning, 65(1–2), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00232-3
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Zagroba, M., Szczepańska, A., & Senetra, A. (2020). Analysis and evaluation of historical public spaces in small towns in the Polish region of Warmia. Sustainability, 12(20), Article 8356. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208356
Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Information and control. Fuzzy Sets, 8(3), 338–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X
Zumelzu, A. (2016). Forma urbana y sostenibilidad: pasado, presente y desafíos. Una revisión. AUS [Arquitectura/Urbanismo/Sustentabilidad], 20, 77–85. https://doi.org/10.4206/aus.2016.n20-12
Zumelzu, A., & Espinoza, D. (2019). Elaboración de una metodología para evaluar sostenibilidad en barrios de ciudades intermedias en Chile. Revista, 180(44), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.32995/rev180.Num-44.(2019).art-474
Zumelzu, A., & Herrmann-Lunecke, G. (2021). Mental well-being and the influence of place: Conceptual approaches for the built environment for planning healthy and walkable cities. Sustainability, 13(11), Article 6395. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116395
Zumelzu, A., Estrada, M., Moya, M., Troppa, J. (2022). Experiencing public spaces in Southern Chile: Analysing the effects of the built environment on walking perceptions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), Article 12577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912577
Alonso de Andrade, P., Berghauser Pont, M., & Amorim, L. (2018). Development of a measure of permeability between private and public space. Urban Science, 2(3), Article 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2030087
Anisimova, L. V., & Anisimov, Y. V. (2022). Regenerating the environment of a small historic town applying the principles of identity. In N. Potienko, E. Ahmedova, A. Karlina, & V. Faerman (Eds.), Lecture notes in civil engineering: Vol. 227. Architectural, construction, environmental and digital technologies for future cities (pp. 15–25). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94770-5_2
Báez-Montenegro, A., Bedate, A. M., Herrero, L. C., & Sanz, J. Á. (2012). Inhabitants’ willingness to pay for cultural heritage: a case study in Valdivia, Chile, using contingent valuation. Journal of Applied Economics, 15(2), 235–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1514-0326(12)60011-7
Bandarin, F., & Van Oers, R. (2012). The historic urban landscape: managing heritage in an urban century. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119968115
Cabello-Briones, C., Prieto, A. J., & Ortiz, P. (2021). Determination of the technical suitability of shelters for archaeological sites using fuzzy logic. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 48, 211–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.11.006
Carpio, M., & Prieto, A. J. (2021). Expert panel, preventive maintenance of heritage buildings and fuzzy logic system: An application in Valdivia, Chile. Sustainability, 13(12), Article 6922. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126922
D’Ayala, D., Wang, K., Yan, Y., Smith, H., Massam, A., Filipova, V., & Pereira, J. J. (2020). Flood vulnerability and risk assessment of urban traditional buildings in a heritage district of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 20(8), 2221–2224. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2221-2020
Farhan, S. L., Akef, V. S., & Nasar, Z. (2021). Revitalizing the historical center of Al-Najaf city in Iraq: learning from the British conservation experiences. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 12(4), 513–532. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-01-2020-0002
Guarda por Mann, R. B., Guzmán, D. E., Pazderka, C. M., & Scheel, A. Z. (2016). Transformaciones espaciales en ciudades intermedias: el caso de Valdivia-Chile y su evolución post-terremoto. Arquitectura y Urbanismo, 37(3), 1–22.
Hosni, J., & Zumelzu, A. (2019). Assessing nodality in neighbourhoods in transformation: A concept of sustainable urban form. The case study of Rahue Bajo, Osorno, Chile. Sustainable Development, 27(2), 214–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1880
Kayan, B. A. (2019). Sustainable built heritage: maintenance management appraisal approach. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 9(3), 266–281. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-10-2018-0074
Luna, A. S. (2020). El proceso de apego al recorrido peatonal cotidiano en el Centro de Santiago de Chile [Doctoral dissertation]. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.
Macías-Bernal, J. M., Calama-Rodríguez, J. M., & Chávez-de Diego, M. J. (2014). Modelo de predicción de la vida útil de la edificación patrimonial a partir de la lógica difusa. Informes de la Construcción, 66, Article e006. https://doi.org/10.3989/ic.12.107
MINVU. (2018). Circular DDU 440. Santiago, Chile.
Mohamed, A., Worku, H., & Lika, T. (2020). Urban and regional planning approaches for sustainable governance: The case of Addis Ababa and the surrounding area changing landscape. City and Environment Interactions, 8, Article 100050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cacint.2020.100050
Moreno-Velo, F. J., Baturone, I., Barriga, A., & Sánchez-Solano, S. (2007). Automatic tuning of complex fuzzy system with Xfuzzy. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 158(18), 2026–2038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fss.2007.03.006
Mouridatis por Nowak, D. J., Dwyer, J. F., & Childs, G. (1997). Los beneficios y costos del enverdecimiento urbano. In Áreas verdes urbanas en Latinoamérica y el Caribe (pp. 17–38).
Nasser, N. (2003). Planning for urban heritage places: reconciling conservation, tourism, and sustainable development. Journal of Planning Literature, 17(4), 467–479. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412203017004001
Niehaus, M., Ibieta, P., Prieto, A. J., Osorio, E., & Zumelzu, A. (2021). Analytical methodologies concerning historic neighbourhoods for urban renewal in southern Chile. How to understand the place to intervene? Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 45(1), 60–72. https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2021.12894
Oliveira, V. (2013). Morpho: a methodology for assessing urban form. Urban Morphology, 17(1), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.51347/jum.v17i1.2885
Prado, F., D’Alençon, R., & Kramm, F. (2011). Arquitectura alemana en el sur de Chile: Importación y desarrollo de Patrones tipológicos, espaciales y constructivos. Revista de la Construcción, 10(2), 104–121. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-915X2011000200010
Pizarro-Reyes, L., Díaz-Lazcano, V., Zumelzu, A., & Prieto, A. J. (2022). Resilience and sustainability assessment of cultural heritage and built environment: The Libertad pedestrian walkway in Valdivia, Chile. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 53, 154–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2021.11.013
Pérez, E., & Ortega, A. (2021). Evolución de las normas urbanísticas y su incidencia en la conservación del patrimonio colonial del centro histórico de Santiago de Chile. Estoa. Revista de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Cuenca, 10(19), 44–62. https://doi.org/10.18537/est.v010.n019.a03
Prieto, A. J. (2021). Fuzzy systems in the digital management of heritage timber buildings in South Chile. Building Research & Information, 49(8), 878–892. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2021.1889350
Prieto, A. J., & Silva, A. (2020). Service life prediction and environmental exposure conditions of timber claddings in South Chile. Building Research & Information, 48(2), 191–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2019.1631143
Prieto, A. J., Vásquez, V., Silva, A., Horn, A., Alejandre, F. J., & Macías-Bernal, J. M. (2019). Protection value and functional service life of heritage timber buildings. Building Research & Information, 47(5), 567–584. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2017.1404827
Rajapakse, A. (2017). Exploring the living heritage of Galle Fort: Residents’ views on heritage values and cultural significance. Journal of Heritage Management, 2(2), 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/2455929617743583
Ruijgrok, E. C. (2006). The three economic values of cultural heritage: a case study in the Netherlands. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 7(3), 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2006.07.002
Saelzer, G., Gómez, P., & Ruiz-Tagle, A. (2019a). Integral heritage rehabilitation challenges in Southern Chile: The case of wooden cities, Valdivia. In Science and digital technology for cultural heritage (pp. 236–242). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429345470-44
Saelzer, G., Asuah, A. Y., Hosni, J., & Tagle, A. R. (2019b). Desafíos de planificación urbana en la definición de valores patrimoniales en el sur de Chile. Un estudio de caso de Valdivia: Una ciudad de madera en el sur de Chile. Urbano, 22(40), 88–107. https://doi.org/10.22320/07183607.2019.22.40.05
Silva, A., & Prieto, A. J. (2021). Modelling the service life of timber claddings using the factor method. Journal of Building Engineering, 37, Article 102137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.102137
Silva, A., De Brito, J., & Gaspar, P. L. (2016). Methodologies for service life prediction of buildings: with a focus on façade claddings. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33290-1
Tweed, C., & Sutherland, M. (2007). Built cultural heritage and sustainable urban development. Landscape and Urban Planning, 83(1), 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.05.008
Udeaja, C., Trillo, C., Awuah, K. G., Makore, B. C., Patel, D. A., Mansuri, L. E., & Jha, K. N. (2020). Urban heritage conservation and rapid urbanization: insights from Surat, India. Sustainability, 12(6), Article 2172. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062172
Valdebenito, G., Vásquez, V., Prieto, A. J., & Alvial, J. (2021). The paradigm of circular economy in heritage preservation of southern Chile. Arquitetura Revista, 17(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.4013/arq.2021.171.05
Van Kamp, I., Leidelmeijer, K., Marsman, G., & De Hollander, A. (2003). Urban environmental quality and human well-being: Towards a conceptual framework and demarcation of concepts; a literature study. Landscape and Urban Planning, 65(1–2), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00232-3
Williams, C. A., Peng, Z., Zhang, Y., Fukuyama, E., Goebel, T., & Yoder, M. R. (2018). Earthquakes and Multi-Hazards Around the Pacific Rim, Vol. II: Introduction. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 175(2), 525–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1805-1
Zagroba, M., Szczepańska, A., & Senetra, A. (2020). Analysis and evaluation of historical public spaces in small towns in the Polish region of Warmia. Sustainability, 12(20), Article 8356. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208356
Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Information and control. Fuzzy Sets, 8(3), 338–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X
Zumelzu, A. (2016). Forma urbana y sostenibilidad: pasado, presente y desafíos. Una revisión. AUS [Arquitectura/Urbanismo/Sustentabilidad], 20, 77–85. https://doi.org/10.4206/aus.2016.n20-12
Zumelzu, A., & Espinoza, D. (2019). Elaboración de una metodología para evaluar sostenibilidad en barrios de ciudades intermedias en Chile. Revista, 180(44), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.32995/rev180.Num-44.(2019).art-474
Zumelzu, A., & Herrmann-Lunecke, G. (2021). Mental well-being and the influence of place: Conceptual approaches for the built environment for planning healthy and walkable cities. Sustainability, 13(11), Article 6395. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116395
Zumelzu, A., Estrada, M., Moya, M., Troppa, J. (2022). Experiencing public spaces in Southern Chile: Analysing the effects of the built environment on walking perceptions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), Article 12577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912577