Systematic method for monitoring and early-warning of garden heritage ontology used in the Suzhou classical garden heritage
Abstract
Taking garden heritage ontologies as the object, this paper explores monitoring and early-warning methods of heritage based on fuzzy cluster analysis. A monitoring and early-warning system for garden heritage ontologies is designed and consists of monitoring indexes, a monitoring program, monitoring data collection, application of an early-warning grading evaluation model and conclusion of early-warning grading. Taking the Suzhou classical garden heritage as an example, it can be concluded that the systematic method can integrate various qualitative and quantitative index values and collectively reflect the overall state of garden heritage ontologies as well as match a heritage monitoring ontology with an early warning grade by calculating the data similarity matrix, membership matrix, fuzzy similarity matrix, fuzzy equivalent matrix and cut matrix. Five kinds of heritage ontologies with a total of twenty-seven heritage monitoring indicators are applied in the model and then be matched with MATLAB software to obtain accurate early-warning results. When types of heritage ontology need to be expanded, the heritage is further refined, or the heritage is more comprehensive, this method is applicable.
Keyword : garden heritage, monitoring and early warning, Suzhou classical garden, early-warning gradation, systematic method
How to Cite
Zhao, J., Wen, R., & Mei, W. (2020). Systematic method for monitoring and early-warning of garden heritage ontology used in the Suzhou classical garden heritage. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 28(4), 157-173. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2020.13785
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Chawla, I., Karthikeyan, L., & Mishra, A. K. (2020). Review of remote sensing applications for water security: Quantity, quality, and extremes. Journal of Hydrology, 585, 124826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124826
Cheng, Z. Q. (2017). Design of government investment project management information system based on FCA dynamic feedback model. Tianjin University.
Cheryl Nath, D., Aravajy, S., Razasekaran, D., & Muthusankar, G. (2018). Heritage conservation and environmental threats at the 192-year-old botanical garden in Pondicherry, India. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 31, 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.02.004
Cigna, F., Tapete, D., & Lee, K. (2018). Geological hazards in the UNESCO World heritage sites of the UK: From the global to the local scale perspective. Earth-Science Reviews, 176, 166–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.09.016
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Du, B. (2015). Study on the application of sound wave in the protection of ancient trees. Forestry of Shanxi, 6, 24–25.
Eken, E., Taşcı, B., & Gustafsson, C. (2019). An evaluation of decision-making process on maintenance of built cultural heritage: The case of Visby. Sweden Cities, 94, 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.05.030
Feilden, B., & Jokilehto, J. (2008). Guidelines for the management of world cultural heritage sites. Tongji University Press.
Ferraro, M. B., & Giordani, P. (2017). Possibilistic and fuzzy clustering methods for robust analysis of non-precise data. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, 88, 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijar.2017.05.002
Gan, M. X. (2016). Tree Radar Unit (TRU) technology detected hollow trunk and thick root distribution on the ancient and famous trees of Platycladus Orientalis in the tomb of Yellow Emperor. Northwest A&F University.
Gan, M. Y. (2017). Research on environmental monitoring and governance based on big data. Guangxi University.
Gao, C. (2018). Research on digital monitoring method for geometric deformation of tower buildings. Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture.
Gao, C., Wang, G. L., Wang, Y. M., & Zhao, H. H. (2019). Present situation and development trend of digital monitoring technology for architectural heritage. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 44(05), 85–92.
Godinho, M., Machete, R., Ponte, M., Falcão, A. P., Gonçalves, A. B., & Bento, R. (2019). BIM as a resource in heritage management: An application for the National Palace of Sintra, Portugal. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 43, 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2019.11.010
Gu, L. Y., Gu, X. R., & Wusdra, J. (2016). The Application of digital 3D technology in garden surveys: Rockwork as a case study. Journal of Architecture, (S1), 35–40.
Guo, W. Q., Han, Y., Quan, D. K., Jia, J., & Gao, W. Q. (2019). Design of environmental monitoring system for cultural relics preventive protection based on LoRa. Journal of Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, 37(1), 140–145.
Hotimah, O., Wirutomo, P., & Alikodra, H. S. (2015). Conservation of world heritage botanical garden in an environmentally friendly city. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 28, 453–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.07.055
International Council of Monuments and Sites, & International Federation of Library Associations. (1981). The Florence Charter. Adopted by the ICOMOS at a meeting held in Florence on December 15, 1982.
International Council of Monuments and Sites. (1978). ICOMOS Statutes adopted by the Vth General Assembly in Moscow on May 22, 1978. Statutes of International Council of Monuments and Sites. https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Secretariat/StatutesAmendments_R2_20130325/st1978-statutes-en.pdf
International Council of Monuments and Site. (1964). Venice Charter. Adopted at the Second International Conference of Architects and Technicians of Historic Sites, 25–31 May 1964, Venice.
Jiang, H. (2010). Research on the methods of dynamic historic and cultural heritage based on the 3S technology (pp. 1–74, 5). Tsinghua University.
Jin, C. (2018). Research and implementation of monitoring and protection system of old trees. Xidian University.
Kiriama, H., Odiaua, I., & Sinamai, A. (2010). Impact assessment and heritage management in Africa: An overview. In H. Kiriama, I. Odiaua, & A. Sinamai (Eds.), Cultural heritage impact assessment in Africa: An overview (pp.1–9). Centre for Heritage Development in Africa, Mombasa, Kenya.
Leng, L. (2011). The research on the early warning methods of historic towns and villages exterior space conservation. Chongqing University.
Levin, N., Ali, S., Crandall, D., & Kark, S. (2019). World heritage in danger: Big data and remote sensing can help protect sites in conflict zones. Global Environmental Change, 55, 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.02.001
Li, J., Krishnamurthy, S., Pereira Roders, A., & Wesemael, P. van. (2020). State-of-the-practice: Assessing community participation within Chinese cultural World Heritage properties. Habitat International, 96, 102107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.102107
Li, M., & Yuan, L. (2014). Research on the value criteria of landscape architecture heritage. Journal of Human Settlements in West China, 29(3), 86–95.
Li, X. H. (2020). Research progress of remote sensing technology in water environment and atmospheric environment monitoring. Green Environmental Protection Building Materials, 6, 38–41.
Lin, M. Y. (2016). Design and implementation of data monitoring system for Imperial Palace outdoor furnishings. Jilin University.
Lombardo, L., Parvis, M., Corbellini, S., Arroyave Posada, C. E., Angelini, E., & Grassini, S. (2019). Environmental monitoring in the cultural heritage field. The European Physical Journal Plus, 134, 411. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2019-12800-2
Madole, S. (2014). International council on monuments and sites (ICOMOS) (Ethics). In C. Smith (Ed.), Encyclopedia of global archaeology. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_203
Meng, Z. (2018). Research on structural health monitoring techniques of traditional timber buildings in the Yangtze River regions. Southeast University.
Mesquita, E., Arêde, A., Pinto, N., & Antunes, P. (2018). Humberto Varum. Long-term monitoring of a damaged historic structure using a wireless sensor network. Engineering Structures, 161, 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.013
Omrani, H., Shafaat, K., & Emrouznejad, A. (2018). An integrated fuzzy clustering cooperative game data envelopment analysis model with application in hospital efficiency. Expert Systems with Applications, 114, 615–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2018.07.074
Sagan, V., Peterson, K. T., Maimaitijiang, M., Sidike, P., Sloan, J., Greeling, B. A., Maalouf, S., & Adams, C. (2020). Monitoring inland water quality using remote sensing: potential and limitations of spectral indices, bio-optical simulations, machine learning, and cloud computing. Earth-Science Reviews, 205, 103187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103187
Saha, A., & Das, S. (2018). On the unification of possibilistic fuzzy clustering: Axiomatic development and convergence analysis. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 340, 73–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fss.2017.07.005
Shi, X. L., Wang, L. H., Xu, H. D., Xu, Q. B., Cao, S. K., & Xu, M. X. (2017). Quantitative characterization of decay detection in standing trees of Korean pine based on Resistograph and ERT. Journal of Beijing Forestry University (Social Sciences), 39(9), 102–111.
Song, Z. W. (2013). Seismic hazard assessment of masonry pagodas. Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. (1972). Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage. Adopted by the General Conference at its seventeenth session, 16 November 1972, Paris. https://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-en.pdf
Wang, Q., & Yang, X. (2020). Investigating the sustainability of renewable energy: An empirical analysis of European Union countries using a hybrid of projection pursuit fuzzy clustering model and accelerated genetic algorithm based on real coding. Journal of Cleaner Production, 268, 121940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121940
Wang, X. X., Wang, J., & Cui, Y. H. (2020). Remote sensing monitoring on spatial differentiation of suspended sediment concentration in a River-Lake system based on sentinel-2 MSI imaging: A case for Shengjin Lake and connected Yangtze River section in Anhui province. Environmental Science, 41(3), 1207–1216. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.201907164
Wei, Q. (2019). Viewing the development and implementation mechanism of the world heritage convention from the perspective of updates and changes in periodic reports. Study on Natural and Cultural Heritage, 4(6), 5–20.
Wei, S. L., Mao, X. W., & Xiao, X. D. (2010). Research on monitoring and early-warning standards of ancient and famous trees protection in the Humble Administrator’s Garden. Journal of Landscape Research, 16, 8569–8572.
Wen, R. K., & Ding, L. Y. (2001). Study on the grading evaluation of modern architectural cultural value based on FCA. Sichuan Architecture, 3, 17–20.
Wu, J. Y., Pan, H., & Du, Y. (2016). Spatial-temporal characteristics and impacting factors of historic gardens in China. Human Geography, 31(1), 50–56.
Wu, M. P. (2011). Monitoring of architectural heritage under the concept of preventive conservation. Huazhong Architecture, 29, 169–171.
Yang, C., & Han, F. (2018). Digital heritage landscape: Research on spatial character of the grand rockery of Yuyuan Garden in Shanghai based on 3D Point Cloud technologies. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 34(11), 20–24.
Yang, J., Chen, D., & Zhang, Q. P. (2015). Analysis of the progress of Chinese classic garden heritage protection and early warning. Urban Development Studies, 22(4), 91–97.
Yin, X. J. (2016). The Design of ancient and famous tree environmental monitoring system based on Internet of Things. Fujian Normal University.
Yuan, L. L. (2016). Investigation on water quality of classical gardens in Suzhou. Suzhou University.
Zhang, C. Z. (2011). Monitoring the impact of cultural heritage tourism: The construction of international experience method and index system. Beijing Union University. 2011 China Tourism Research Annual Conference Proceedings of tourism journal. Beijing Union University: Editorial Department of Tourism Journal, 17.
Zhang, Q. P., Liang, H. L., & Li, Z. W. (2018). Research of the application of digital survey techniques in private garden. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 42, 1–5.
Zhang, X. H. (2016). Health risks assessment of open-air relics based on the internet of things. Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology.
Zhang, Y. C. (2012). China’s world cultural heritage monitoring system. Beijing University of Chemical Technology.
Zhao, Y. (2018). Construction status and development ideas of China world cultural heritage monitoring and early warning general platform: Thinking based on demand research. China Cultural Heritage, 1, 46–50.
Zhao, Y., Ponzini, D., & Zhang, R. (2020). The policy networks of heritage-led development in Chinese historic cities: The case of Xi’an’s Big Wild Goose Pagoda area. Habitat International, 96, 102106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.102106
Zhou, H. (2018). Study on investigation and recording methods of architectural heritage. Chongqing University.
Zhou, S. N. (2015). Thinking and research on improving the effectiveness of the world heritage monitoring: A case study of Suzhou classical gardens monitoring. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 31(11), 55–58.
Zhu, S. C. (2019). Construction and application research of Suzhou water environment monitoring management information system based on GIS: Taking Jinji Lake as an example. Suzhou University of Science and Technology.
Zhu, Y. F., Chen, H. G., Zhang, D. M., Wu, J. Q., Wu, S. L., Zhang, J. F., & Luo, Y. (2010). Subsidence of Suzhou area from 1995 to 2000 detected by persistent scatterers for SAR interferometry technique. Advance in Earth Sciences, 25(4), 428–434.
Bahraminejad, M., Rayegani, B., Jahani, A., & Nezami, B. (2018). Proposing an early-warning system for optimal management of protected areas (Case study: Darmiyan protected area, Eastern Iran). Journal for Nature Conservation, 46, 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2018.08.013
Bai, C. J., Han, X., & Wu, C. (2013). The exploration of architectural heritage deformation monitoring in the thought of preventive conservation. Journal of Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology (Social Science Edition), 32(02), 54–58.
Campiani, A., Lingle, A., & Lercari, N. (2019). Spatial analysis and heritage conservation: Leveraging 3–D data and GIS for monitoring earthen architecture. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 39, 166–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2019.02.011
Cao, S. J., Ding, J. W., & Ren, C. (2020). Sensor deployment strategy using cluster analysis of Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm: Towards online control of indoor environment’s safety and health. Sustainable Cities and Society, 59, 102190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102190
Carolina, P. A., Emma, P. C., Luis, H. C., & Eduard, A. (2018). Assessment of scenic, natural and cultural heritage for sustainable management of tourist beaches. A case study of Gran Canaria island (Spain). Land Use Policy, 72, 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.12.030
Chawla, I., Karthikeyan, L., & Mishra, A. K. (2020). Review of remote sensing applications for water security: Quantity, quality, and extremes. Journal of Hydrology, 585, 124826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124826
Cheng, Z. Q. (2017). Design of government investment project management information system based on FCA dynamic feedback model. Tianjin University.
Cheryl Nath, D., Aravajy, S., Razasekaran, D., & Muthusankar, G. (2018). Heritage conservation and environmental threats at the 192-year-old botanical garden in Pondicherry, India. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 31, 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.02.004
Cigna, F., Tapete, D., & Lee, K. (2018). Geological hazards in the UNESCO World heritage sites of the UK: From the global to the local scale perspective. Earth-Science Reviews, 176, 166–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.09.016
Congrès International d’Architecture Modern. (1933). Athens Charter. Trans J. Tyrwhitt. Paris, France: The Library of the Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, 1946. https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/research_resources/charters/charter04.html
Du, B. (2015). Study on the application of sound wave in the protection of ancient trees. Forestry of Shanxi, 6, 24–25.
Eken, E., Taşcı, B., & Gustafsson, C. (2019). An evaluation of decision-making process on maintenance of built cultural heritage: The case of Visby. Sweden Cities, 94, 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.05.030
Feilden, B., & Jokilehto, J. (2008). Guidelines for the management of world cultural heritage sites. Tongji University Press.
Ferraro, M. B., & Giordani, P. (2017). Possibilistic and fuzzy clustering methods for robust analysis of non-precise data. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, 88, 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijar.2017.05.002
Gan, M. X. (2016). Tree Radar Unit (TRU) technology detected hollow trunk and thick root distribution on the ancient and famous trees of Platycladus Orientalis in the tomb of Yellow Emperor. Northwest A&F University.
Gan, M. Y. (2017). Research on environmental monitoring and governance based on big data. Guangxi University.
Gao, C. (2018). Research on digital monitoring method for geometric deformation of tower buildings. Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture.
Gao, C., Wang, G. L., Wang, Y. M., & Zhao, H. H. (2019). Present situation and development trend of digital monitoring technology for architectural heritage. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 44(05), 85–92.
Godinho, M., Machete, R., Ponte, M., Falcão, A. P., Gonçalves, A. B., & Bento, R. (2019). BIM as a resource in heritage management: An application for the National Palace of Sintra, Portugal. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 43, 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2019.11.010
Gu, L. Y., Gu, X. R., & Wusdra, J. (2016). The Application of digital 3D technology in garden surveys: Rockwork as a case study. Journal of Architecture, (S1), 35–40.
Guo, W. Q., Han, Y., Quan, D. K., Jia, J., & Gao, W. Q. (2019). Design of environmental monitoring system for cultural relics preventive protection based on LoRa. Journal of Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, 37(1), 140–145.
Hotimah, O., Wirutomo, P., & Alikodra, H. S. (2015). Conservation of world heritage botanical garden in an environmentally friendly city. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 28, 453–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.07.055
International Council of Monuments and Sites, & International Federation of Library Associations. (1981). The Florence Charter. Adopted by the ICOMOS at a meeting held in Florence on December 15, 1982.
International Council of Monuments and Sites. (1978). ICOMOS Statutes adopted by the Vth General Assembly in Moscow on May 22, 1978. Statutes of International Council of Monuments and Sites. https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Secretariat/StatutesAmendments_R2_20130325/st1978-statutes-en.pdf
International Council of Monuments and Site. (1964). Venice Charter. Adopted at the Second International Conference of Architects and Technicians of Historic Sites, 25–31 May 1964, Venice.
Jiang, H. (2010). Research on the methods of dynamic historic and cultural heritage based on the 3S technology (pp. 1–74, 5). Tsinghua University.
Jin, C. (2018). Research and implementation of monitoring and protection system of old trees. Xidian University.
Kiriama, H., Odiaua, I., & Sinamai, A. (2010). Impact assessment and heritage management in Africa: An overview. In H. Kiriama, I. Odiaua, & A. Sinamai (Eds.), Cultural heritage impact assessment in Africa: An overview (pp.1–9). Centre for Heritage Development in Africa, Mombasa, Kenya.
Leng, L. (2011). The research on the early warning methods of historic towns and villages exterior space conservation. Chongqing University.
Levin, N., Ali, S., Crandall, D., & Kark, S. (2019). World heritage in danger: Big data and remote sensing can help protect sites in conflict zones. Global Environmental Change, 55, 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.02.001
Li, J., Krishnamurthy, S., Pereira Roders, A., & Wesemael, P. van. (2020). State-of-the-practice: Assessing community participation within Chinese cultural World Heritage properties. Habitat International, 96, 102107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.102107
Li, M., & Yuan, L. (2014). Research on the value criteria of landscape architecture heritage. Journal of Human Settlements in West China, 29(3), 86–95.
Li, X. H. (2020). Research progress of remote sensing technology in water environment and atmospheric environment monitoring. Green Environmental Protection Building Materials, 6, 38–41.
Lin, M. Y. (2016). Design and implementation of data monitoring system for Imperial Palace outdoor furnishings. Jilin University.
Lombardo, L., Parvis, M., Corbellini, S., Arroyave Posada, C. E., Angelini, E., & Grassini, S. (2019). Environmental monitoring in the cultural heritage field. The European Physical Journal Plus, 134, 411. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2019-12800-2
Madole, S. (2014). International council on monuments and sites (ICOMOS) (Ethics). In C. Smith (Ed.), Encyclopedia of global archaeology. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_203
Meng, Z. (2018). Research on structural health monitoring techniques of traditional timber buildings in the Yangtze River regions. Southeast University.
Mesquita, E., Arêde, A., Pinto, N., & Antunes, P. (2018). Humberto Varum. Long-term monitoring of a damaged historic structure using a wireless sensor network. Engineering Structures, 161, 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.013
Omrani, H., Shafaat, K., & Emrouznejad, A. (2018). An integrated fuzzy clustering cooperative game data envelopment analysis model with application in hospital efficiency. Expert Systems with Applications, 114, 615–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2018.07.074
Sagan, V., Peterson, K. T., Maimaitijiang, M., Sidike, P., Sloan, J., Greeling, B. A., Maalouf, S., & Adams, C. (2020). Monitoring inland water quality using remote sensing: potential and limitations of spectral indices, bio-optical simulations, machine learning, and cloud computing. Earth-Science Reviews, 205, 103187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103187
Saha, A., & Das, S. (2018). On the unification of possibilistic fuzzy clustering: Axiomatic development and convergence analysis. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 340, 73–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fss.2017.07.005
Shi, X. L., Wang, L. H., Xu, H. D., Xu, Q. B., Cao, S. K., & Xu, M. X. (2017). Quantitative characterization of decay detection in standing trees of Korean pine based on Resistograph and ERT. Journal of Beijing Forestry University (Social Sciences), 39(9), 102–111.
Song, Z. W. (2013). Seismic hazard assessment of masonry pagodas. Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. (1972). Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage. Adopted by the General Conference at its seventeenth session, 16 November 1972, Paris. https://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-en.pdf
Wang, Q., & Yang, X. (2020). Investigating the sustainability of renewable energy: An empirical analysis of European Union countries using a hybrid of projection pursuit fuzzy clustering model and accelerated genetic algorithm based on real coding. Journal of Cleaner Production, 268, 121940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121940
Wang, X. X., Wang, J., & Cui, Y. H. (2020). Remote sensing monitoring on spatial differentiation of suspended sediment concentration in a River-Lake system based on sentinel-2 MSI imaging: A case for Shengjin Lake and connected Yangtze River section in Anhui province. Environmental Science, 41(3), 1207–1216. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.201907164
Wei, Q. (2019). Viewing the development and implementation mechanism of the world heritage convention from the perspective of updates and changes in periodic reports. Study on Natural and Cultural Heritage, 4(6), 5–20.
Wei, S. L., Mao, X. W., & Xiao, X. D. (2010). Research on monitoring and early-warning standards of ancient and famous trees protection in the Humble Administrator’s Garden. Journal of Landscape Research, 16, 8569–8572.
Wen, R. K., & Ding, L. Y. (2001). Study on the grading evaluation of modern architectural cultural value based on FCA. Sichuan Architecture, 3, 17–20.
Wu, J. Y., Pan, H., & Du, Y. (2016). Spatial-temporal characteristics and impacting factors of historic gardens in China. Human Geography, 31(1), 50–56.
Wu, M. P. (2011). Monitoring of architectural heritage under the concept of preventive conservation. Huazhong Architecture, 29, 169–171.
Yang, C., & Han, F. (2018). Digital heritage landscape: Research on spatial character of the grand rockery of Yuyuan Garden in Shanghai based on 3D Point Cloud technologies. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 34(11), 20–24.
Yang, J., Chen, D., & Zhang, Q. P. (2015). Analysis of the progress of Chinese classic garden heritage protection and early warning. Urban Development Studies, 22(4), 91–97.
Yin, X. J. (2016). The Design of ancient and famous tree environmental monitoring system based on Internet of Things. Fujian Normal University.
Yuan, L. L. (2016). Investigation on water quality of classical gardens in Suzhou. Suzhou University.
Zhang, C. Z. (2011). Monitoring the impact of cultural heritage tourism: The construction of international experience method and index system. Beijing Union University. 2011 China Tourism Research Annual Conference Proceedings of tourism journal. Beijing Union University: Editorial Department of Tourism Journal, 17.
Zhang, Q. P., Liang, H. L., & Li, Z. W. (2018). Research of the application of digital survey techniques in private garden. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 42, 1–5.
Zhang, X. H. (2016). Health risks assessment of open-air relics based on the internet of things. Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology.
Zhang, Y. C. (2012). China’s world cultural heritage monitoring system. Beijing University of Chemical Technology.
Zhao, Y. (2018). Construction status and development ideas of China world cultural heritage monitoring and early warning general platform: Thinking based on demand research. China Cultural Heritage, 1, 46–50.
Zhao, Y., Ponzini, D., & Zhang, R. (2020). The policy networks of heritage-led development in Chinese historic cities: The case of Xi’an’s Big Wild Goose Pagoda area. Habitat International, 96, 102106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.102106
Zhou, H. (2018). Study on investigation and recording methods of architectural heritage. Chongqing University.
Zhou, S. N. (2015). Thinking and research on improving the effectiveness of the world heritage monitoring: A case study of Suzhou classical gardens monitoring. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 31(11), 55–58.
Zhu, S. C. (2019). Construction and application research of Suzhou water environment monitoring management information system based on GIS: Taking Jinji Lake as an example. Suzhou University of Science and Technology.
Zhu, Y. F., Chen, H. G., Zhang, D. M., Wu, J. Q., Wu, S. L., Zhang, J. F., & Luo, Y. (2010). Subsidence of Suzhou area from 1995 to 2000 detected by persistent scatterers for SAR interferometry technique. Advance in Earth Sciences, 25(4), 428–434.