Municipal solid waste landfill site selection using Multi-Criteria Decision Making and GIS: case study of Bursa province
Abstract
Rapid population growth, economic development and industrialization have created many problems related to municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in developing countries like Turkey. Solid waste disposal has become mandatory because of increasingly common factors such as global warming and contamination of water resources. In recent years, this situation has revealed the need for effective management of solid waste. Suitable site selection requires evaluation and analysis of multiplefactor. Therefore, it is very important that the design of landfill site selection take into account environmental, economical and sociologicalfactors. In order to do this, the Geographical Information System (GIS) used with Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques is a useful tool for creating a model. One such MCDM is the Spatial-integrated Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). In this study, TOPSIS was applied to integrate environmental, economical and sociological sensitivity into determine alternative solid waste landfill sites for Bursa Province, Turkey. Using the data obtained by comparing the geo-statistics, six of the most suitable landfill areas were determined. In the final stage, as a result of this study, the Kayapa district was identified as the most suitable landfill area.
Keyword : solid waste, landfill, GIS, MCDM, TOPSIS, Bursa
How to Cite
Yildirim, V., Memisoglu, T., Bediroglu, S., & Colak, H. E. (2018). Municipal solid waste landfill site selection using Multi-Criteria Decision Making and GIS: case study of Bursa province. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 26(2), 107-119. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2017.1364646
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Chakraborty, S.; Zavadskas, E. K.; antucheviciene, j. 2015. applications of waspas method as a multi-criteria decision-making tool, Economic Computation and Economic Cybernetics Studies and Research 49(2): 91–105.
Christopher, W. S. 2005. Accumulated surfaces & least-cost paths: GIS modeling for Autonomous Ground Vehicle (AGV) navigation: Master thesis. Master of Science Geography.
Delgado, O. B.; Mendoza, M.; Granados, E. L.; Geneletti, D. 2008. Analysis of land suitability for the siting of inter-municipal landfills in the Cuitzeo Lake Basin, Mexico, Waste Management 28(7): 1137–1146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.07.002
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Douglas, D. 1994. Least cost path in GIS using an accumulated cost surface and slope lines, Cartographica 31(3): 37–51. https://doi.org/10.3138/D327-0323-2JUT-016M
Eastman, J. R. 1989. Pushbroom algorithms for calculating distances in raster grids, Proceedings, Autocarto 9: 288–297.
Ekmekcioglu, M.; Kaya, T.; Kahraman, C. 2010. Fuzzy multicriteria disposal method and site selection for municipal solid waste, Waste Management 30(8–9): 1729–1736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.02.031
Ersoy, H.; Bulut, F.; Berkun, M. 2013. Landfill site requirements on the rock environment: a case study, Engineering Geology 154: 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.12.005
Eskandari, M.; Homaee, M.; Mahmoodi, S.; Pazira, E.; Van Genuchten, M. T. 2015. Optimizing landfill site selection by using land classification maps, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22(10): 7754–7765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4182-7
Gbanie, S. P.; Tengbe, P. B.; Momoh, J. S.; Medo, J.; Kabba, V. T. S. K. 2013. Modelling landfill location using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA): case study Bo, Southern Sierra Leone, Applied Geography, 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.06.013
Ghinea, C.; Gavrilescu, M. 2016. Costs analysis of municipal solid waste management scenarios: Iasi – Romania Case Study, Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 24(3): 185–199. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2016.1173041
Gorsevski, P. V.; Donevska, K. R.; Mitrovski, C. D.; Frizado, J. P. 2012. Integrating multi-criteria evaluation techniques with geographic information systems for landfill site selection: a case study using ordered weighted average, Waste Management 32(2): 287–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.09.023
Hamzeh, M.; Abbaspour, R. A.; Davalou, R. 2015. Raster-based outranking method: a new approach for municipal solid waste landfill (MSW) siting, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22(16): 12511–12524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4485-8
Hwang, C. L.; Yoon, K. 1981. Multiple attribute decision making: methods and applications. Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48318-9
Jakimavičius, M.; Burinskienė, M. 2009b. A GIS and multi-criteria-based analysis and ranking of transportation zones of Vilnius city, Technological and Economic Development of Economy 15(1): 39–48. https://doi.org/10.3846/1392-8619.2009.15.39-48
Kahraman, C.; Keshavarz Ghorabaee, M.; Zavadskas, E. K.; Onar, S. C.; Yazdani, M.; Oztaysi, B. 2017. Intuitionistic Fuzzy Edas Method: an application to solid waste disposal site selection, Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 25(1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2017.1281139
Khan, D.; Samadder, S. R. 2015. A simplified multi-criteria evaluation model for landfill site ranking and selection based on Ahp and GIS, Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 23(4): 267–278. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2015.1056741
Kowkabi, L.; Setayesh, A. R. R.; Badri, A.; Rajaee, A. 2013. The application of fuzzy multi-attribute group decision making to prioritize the landscapes with high ecological value: Khoshk River in Shiraz, International Journal of Environmental Research 7(2): 423–434.
Kumar, S.; Hassan, M. I. 2013. Selection of a landfill site for solid waste management: an application of AHP and spatial analyst tool, Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 41(1): 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-011-0161-8
Pazand, K.; Hezarkhani, A.; Ataei, M. 2012. Using TOPSIS approaches for predictive porphyry Cu potential mapping: a case study in Ahar-Arasbaran area (NW, Iran), Computers & Geosciences 49: 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.05.024
Sener, S.; Sener, E.; Karaguzel, R. 2011. Solid waste disposal site selection with GIS and AHP methodology: a case study in Senirkent-Uluborlu (Isparta) Basin, Turkey, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 173(1–4): 533–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1403-x
Smith, M. J.; Goodchild, M. F.; Longley, P. A. 2015. Geospatial analysis: a comprehensive guide to principles, techniques and software tools. Geospatial Analysis. 5th ed. The Winchelsea Press.
Sumathi, V. R.; Natesan, U.; Sarkar, C. 2008. GIS-based approach for optimized siting of municipal solid waste landfill, Waste Management 28(11): 2146–2160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.09.032
TC Official Gazette. 1983. Environmental Law (Law No. 2872).
Thomaidis, N. S.; Nikitakos, N.; Dounias, C. D. 2006. The evaluation of information technology projects: a fuzzy multicriteria decision-making approach, International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 5(1): 89–122. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219622006001897
Thompson, A. F.; Afolayan, A. H.; Ibidunmoye, E. O. 2013. Application of geographic information system to solid waste management, Pan African International Conference on Information Science, Computing and Telecommunications(PACT),13–17 July 2013, Zambai. https://doi.org/10.1109/SCAT.2013.7055110
Torabi-Kaveh, M.; Babazadeh, R.; Mohammadi, S. D.; Zaresefat, M. 2016. Landfill site selection using combination of GIS and fuzzy AHP, a case study: Iranshahr, Iran, Waste Management & Research 34(5): 438–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X16633777
Turskis, Z.; Lazauskas, M.; Zavadskas, E. K. 2012. Fuzzy Multiple criteria assessment of construction site alternatives for non-hazardous waste ıncineration plant in Vilnius City, applying Aras-F and Ahp methods, Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 20(2): 110–120. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2011.645827
Uyan, M. 2014. MSW landfill site selection by combining AHP with GIS for Konya, Turkey, Environmental Earth Sciences 71(4): 1629–1639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2567-9
Vasiljevic, T. Z.; Srdjevic, Z.; Bajcetic, R.; Miloradov, M. V. 2012. GIS and the analytic hierarchy process for regional landfill site selection in transitional countries: a case study from Serbia, Environmental Management 49(2): 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9792-3
Victor, F. N.; Anahi, C. S.; Pedro, R. A.; Jean, P. H. B. O.; Nazli, Y. 2017. Modeling environmental susceptibility of municipal solid waste disposal sites: a case study in São Paulo State, Brazil, Journal of Geographic Information System 9: 8–33. https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2017.91002
Vijay, R.; Gautam, A.; Kalamdhad, A.; Gupta, A.; Devotta, S. 2008. GIS-based locational analysis of collection bins in municipal solid waste management systems, Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science 7(1): 39–43. https://doi.org/10.1139/S07-033
Vucijak, B.; Kurtagic, S. M.; Silajdzic, I. 2016. Multicriteria decision making in selecting best solid waste management scenario: a municipal case study from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Journal of Cleaner Production 130: 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.11.030
Wang, Z. X.; Wang, Y. Y. 2014. Evaluation of the provincial competitiveness of the Chinese high-tech industry using an improved TOPSIS method, Expert Systems with Applications 41(6): 2824–2831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.10.015
Yesilnacar, M. I.; Cetin, H. 2005. Site selection for hazardous wastes: a case study from the GAP area, Turkey, Engineering Geology 81(4): 371–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.07.012
Yesilnacar, M. I.; Suzen, M. L.; Kaya, B. S.; Doyuran, V. 2012. Municipal solid waste landfill site selection for the city of Sanliurfa-Turkey: an example using MCDA integrated with GIS, International Journal of Digital Earth 5(2): 147–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2011.583993
Yildirim, V. 2009. Dogalgaz Iletim Hatlarinin Belirlenmesi Icin Cografi Bilgi Sistemleri Ile Raster Tabanli Dinamik Bir Modelin Gelistirilmesi: PhD Thesis. Black Sea Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey (in Turkish).
Yildirim, V. 2012. Application of raster-based GIS techniques in the siting of landfills in Trabzon Province, Turkey: a case study, Waste Management & Research 30(9): 949–960. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X12445656
Yildirim, U.; Guler, C. 2016. Identification of suitable future municipal solid waste disposal sites for the Metropolitan Mersin (SE Turkey) using AHP and GIS techniques, Environmental Earth Sciences 75(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4948-8
Yomralıoglu, T. 2010. Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri: Temel Kavramlar ve Uygulamalar. Seçil Ofset, Istanbul.
Zavadskas, E. K.; Mardani, A.; Turskis, Z.; Jusoh, A.; Nor, K. M. D. 2016. Development of TOPSIS method to solve complicated decision-making problems: an overview on developments from 2000 to 2015, International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 15(3): 645–682. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219622016300019
Alanbari, M.; Al-Ansari, N.; Jasim, H.; Knutsson, S. 2014. Modeling landfill suitability based on GIS and multicriteria decision analysis: case study in Al-Mahaweelqadaa, Natural Science, 828–851.
Arıkan, E.; Simsit-Kalender Z. T.; Vayvay, O. 2015. Solid waste disposal methodology selection using multi-criteria decision making methods and an application in Turkey, Journal of Cleaner Production.
Ashraf, M. A.; Islam, M. R.; Adnan, S. G. 2015. GIS and multi criteria decision method based approach of ıdentifying appropriate landfill sites for the city of Chittagong, International Journal of Environment 4(1). https://doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i1.12174
Aydınoglu, A. C. 2009. Türkiye için coğrafi veri değişim modelinin geliştirilmesi: PhD Thesis. Science Institute, Black Sea Technical University, Trabzon (in Turkish)
Bagli, S.; Geneletti, D.; Orsi, F. 2011. Routeing of power lines through least-cost path analysis and multicriteria evaluation to minimise environmental impacts, Environmental Impact Assessment Review 31: 234–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2010.10.003
Beskese, A.; Demir, H. H.; Ozcan, H. K.; Okten, H. E. 2015. Landfill site selection using fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS: a case study for Istanbul, Environmental Earth Sciences 73(7): 3513–3521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3635-5
Bahrani, S.; Ebadi, T.; Ehsani, H.; Yousefi, H.; Maknoon, R. 2016. Modeling landfill site selection by multi-criteria decision making and fuzzy functions in GIS, case study: Shabestar, Iran, Environmental Earth Sciences 75(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-5146-4
Bagocius, V.; Zavadskas, E. K.; Turskis, Z. 2014. Selecting a location for a liquefied natural gas terminal in the Eastern Baltic Sea, Transport 29(1): 69–74. https://doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2014.897996
Chakraborty, S.; Zavadskas, E. K.; antucheviciene, j. 2015. applications of waspas method as a multi-criteria decision-making tool, Economic Computation and Economic Cybernetics Studies and Research 49(2): 91–105.
Christopher, W. S. 2005. Accumulated surfaces & least-cost paths: GIS modeling for Autonomous Ground Vehicle (AGV) navigation: Master thesis. Master of Science Geography.
Delgado, O. B.; Mendoza, M.; Granados, E. L.; Geneletti, D. 2008. Analysis of land suitability for the siting of inter-municipal landfills in the Cuitzeo Lake Basin, Mexico, Waste Management 28(7): 1137–1146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.07.002
Demesouka, O. E.; Vavatsikos, A. P.; Anagnostopoulos, K. P. 2013. Suitability analysis for siting MSW landfills and its multicriteria spatial decision support system: method, implementation and case study, Waste Management 33(5): 1190–1206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.01.030
Douglas, D. 1994. Least cost path in GIS using an accumulated cost surface and slope lines, Cartographica 31(3): 37–51. https://doi.org/10.3138/D327-0323-2JUT-016M
Eastman, J. R. 1989. Pushbroom algorithms for calculating distances in raster grids, Proceedings, Autocarto 9: 288–297.
Ekmekcioglu, M.; Kaya, T.; Kahraman, C. 2010. Fuzzy multicriteria disposal method and site selection for municipal solid waste, Waste Management 30(8–9): 1729–1736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.02.031
Ersoy, H.; Bulut, F.; Berkun, M. 2013. Landfill site requirements on the rock environment: a case study, Engineering Geology 154: 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.12.005
Eskandari, M.; Homaee, M.; Mahmoodi, S.; Pazira, E.; Van Genuchten, M. T. 2015. Optimizing landfill site selection by using land classification maps, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22(10): 7754–7765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4182-7
Gbanie, S. P.; Tengbe, P. B.; Momoh, J. S.; Medo, J.; Kabba, V. T. S. K. 2013. Modelling landfill location using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA): case study Bo, Southern Sierra Leone, Applied Geography, 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.06.013
Ghinea, C.; Gavrilescu, M. 2016. Costs analysis of municipal solid waste management scenarios: Iasi – Romania Case Study, Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 24(3): 185–199. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2016.1173041
Gorsevski, P. V.; Donevska, K. R.; Mitrovski, C. D.; Frizado, J. P. 2012. Integrating multi-criteria evaluation techniques with geographic information systems for landfill site selection: a case study using ordered weighted average, Waste Management 32(2): 287–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.09.023
Hamzeh, M.; Abbaspour, R. A.; Davalou, R. 2015. Raster-based outranking method: a new approach for municipal solid waste landfill (MSW) siting, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22(16): 12511–12524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4485-8
Hwang, C. L.; Yoon, K. 1981. Multiple attribute decision making: methods and applications. Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48318-9
Jakimavičius, M.; Burinskienė, M. 2009b. A GIS and multi-criteria-based analysis and ranking of transportation zones of Vilnius city, Technological and Economic Development of Economy 15(1): 39–48. https://doi.org/10.3846/1392-8619.2009.15.39-48
Kahraman, C.; Keshavarz Ghorabaee, M.; Zavadskas, E. K.; Onar, S. C.; Yazdani, M.; Oztaysi, B. 2017. Intuitionistic Fuzzy Edas Method: an application to solid waste disposal site selection, Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 25(1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2017.1281139
Khan, D.; Samadder, S. R. 2015. A simplified multi-criteria evaluation model for landfill site ranking and selection based on Ahp and GIS, Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 23(4): 267–278. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2015.1056741
Kowkabi, L.; Setayesh, A. R. R.; Badri, A.; Rajaee, A. 2013. The application of fuzzy multi-attribute group decision making to prioritize the landscapes with high ecological value: Khoshk River in Shiraz, International Journal of Environmental Research 7(2): 423–434.
Kumar, S.; Hassan, M. I. 2013. Selection of a landfill site for solid waste management: an application of AHP and spatial analyst tool, Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 41(1): 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-011-0161-8
Pazand, K.; Hezarkhani, A.; Ataei, M. 2012. Using TOPSIS approaches for predictive porphyry Cu potential mapping: a case study in Ahar-Arasbaran area (NW, Iran), Computers & Geosciences 49: 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.05.024
Sener, S.; Sener, E.; Karaguzel, R. 2011. Solid waste disposal site selection with GIS and AHP methodology: a case study in Senirkent-Uluborlu (Isparta) Basin, Turkey, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 173(1–4): 533–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1403-x
Smith, M. J.; Goodchild, M. F.; Longley, P. A. 2015. Geospatial analysis: a comprehensive guide to principles, techniques and software tools. Geospatial Analysis. 5th ed. The Winchelsea Press.
Sumathi, V. R.; Natesan, U.; Sarkar, C. 2008. GIS-based approach for optimized siting of municipal solid waste landfill, Waste Management 28(11): 2146–2160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.09.032
TC Official Gazette. 1983. Environmental Law (Law No. 2872).
Thomaidis, N. S.; Nikitakos, N.; Dounias, C. D. 2006. The evaluation of information technology projects: a fuzzy multicriteria decision-making approach, International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 5(1): 89–122. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219622006001897
Thompson, A. F.; Afolayan, A. H.; Ibidunmoye, E. O. 2013. Application of geographic information system to solid waste management, Pan African International Conference on Information Science, Computing and Telecommunications(PACT),13–17 July 2013, Zambai. https://doi.org/10.1109/SCAT.2013.7055110
Torabi-Kaveh, M.; Babazadeh, R.; Mohammadi, S. D.; Zaresefat, M. 2016. Landfill site selection using combination of GIS and fuzzy AHP, a case study: Iranshahr, Iran, Waste Management & Research 34(5): 438–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X16633777
Turskis, Z.; Lazauskas, M.; Zavadskas, E. K. 2012. Fuzzy Multiple criteria assessment of construction site alternatives for non-hazardous waste ıncineration plant in Vilnius City, applying Aras-F and Ahp methods, Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 20(2): 110–120. https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2011.645827
Uyan, M. 2014. MSW landfill site selection by combining AHP with GIS for Konya, Turkey, Environmental Earth Sciences 71(4): 1629–1639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2567-9
Vasiljevic, T. Z.; Srdjevic, Z.; Bajcetic, R.; Miloradov, M. V. 2012. GIS and the analytic hierarchy process for regional landfill site selection in transitional countries: a case study from Serbia, Environmental Management 49(2): 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9792-3
Victor, F. N.; Anahi, C. S.; Pedro, R. A.; Jean, P. H. B. O.; Nazli, Y. 2017. Modeling environmental susceptibility of municipal solid waste disposal sites: a case study in São Paulo State, Brazil, Journal of Geographic Information System 9: 8–33. https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2017.91002
Vijay, R.; Gautam, A.; Kalamdhad, A.; Gupta, A.; Devotta, S. 2008. GIS-based locational analysis of collection bins in municipal solid waste management systems, Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science 7(1): 39–43. https://doi.org/10.1139/S07-033
Vucijak, B.; Kurtagic, S. M.; Silajdzic, I. 2016. Multicriteria decision making in selecting best solid waste management scenario: a municipal case study from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Journal of Cleaner Production 130: 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.11.030
Wang, Z. X.; Wang, Y. Y. 2014. Evaluation of the provincial competitiveness of the Chinese high-tech industry using an improved TOPSIS method, Expert Systems with Applications 41(6): 2824–2831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.10.015
Yesilnacar, M. I.; Cetin, H. 2005. Site selection for hazardous wastes: a case study from the GAP area, Turkey, Engineering Geology 81(4): 371–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.07.012
Yesilnacar, M. I.; Suzen, M. L.; Kaya, B. S.; Doyuran, V. 2012. Municipal solid waste landfill site selection for the city of Sanliurfa-Turkey: an example using MCDA integrated with GIS, International Journal of Digital Earth 5(2): 147–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2011.583993
Yildirim, V. 2009. Dogalgaz Iletim Hatlarinin Belirlenmesi Icin Cografi Bilgi Sistemleri Ile Raster Tabanli Dinamik Bir Modelin Gelistirilmesi: PhD Thesis. Black Sea Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey (in Turkish).
Yildirim, V. 2012. Application of raster-based GIS techniques in the siting of landfills in Trabzon Province, Turkey: a case study, Waste Management & Research 30(9): 949–960. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X12445656
Yildirim, U.; Guler, C. 2016. Identification of suitable future municipal solid waste disposal sites for the Metropolitan Mersin (SE Turkey) using AHP and GIS techniques, Environmental Earth Sciences 75(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4948-8
Yomralıoglu, T. 2010. Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri: Temel Kavramlar ve Uygulamalar. Seçil Ofset, Istanbul.
Zavadskas, E. K.; Mardani, A.; Turskis, Z.; Jusoh, A.; Nor, K. M. D. 2016. Development of TOPSIS method to solve complicated decision-making problems: an overview on developments from 2000 to 2015, International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 15(3): 645–682. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219622016300019