Does open-plan office environment support creativity? The mediating role of activated positive mood
Abstract
This study examines how perceived physical office environment features affect occupants’ creativity through positive moods. Based on a sample of 181 occupants in open-plan offices, we found that perceived spatial organization features had a positive relationship with occupants’ self-assessed creativity, and this relationship is mediated by positive moods. Although perceived architectonic details of the physical work environment do not have a direct effect on occupants’ creativity, there is also a mediating effect through positive moods. A further examination revealed that activated positive mood significantly mediates the relationship between both physical work environment features and occupants’ creativity, whereas deactivated positive mood was not significant as a mediator. When occupants perceived the physical work environment to be supportive in providing various workspaces and is well decorated, it is most likely to enhance creativity.
Article in English.
Ar atvirojo plano biurų aplinka palaiko kūrybiškumą? Poveikį darantis suaktyvintas pozityvus nusiteikimas
Santrauka
Šiame tyrime nagrinėjama, kaip suvokiamos fizinės biuro aplinkos ypatumai veikia darbuotojų kūrybiškumą, jiems esant pozityviai nusiteikusiems. Remdamiesi atvirojo plano biurų 181 darbuotojo pavyzdžiu nustatėme, kad suvokiamos erdvinės organizacijos ypatumams buvo būdingas pozityvus santykis su pačių darbuotojų savojo kūrybiškumo vertinimais, o šiam santykiui netiesioginę įtaką turi pozityvus nusiteikimas. Nors fizinės darbo aplinkos suvokiamos architektūrinės detalės neturi tiesioginio poveikio darbuotojų kūrybiškumui, vis dėlto pozityvus nusiteikimas daro netiesioginį poveikį. Tolesnis tyrimas atskleidė, kad suaktyvintas pozityvus nusiteikimas turi reikšmingą įtaką santykiui tiek tarp fizinės darbo aplinkos ypatumų, tiek tarp darbuotojų kūrybiškumo, o nesuaktyvintas pozityvus nusiteikimas neturėjo didelės reikšmės poveikio atžvilgiu. Darbuotojai suprato, kad fizinė darbo aplinka, kuri sudaro sąlygas kurti įvairias darbo erdves ir yra tinkamai apipavidalinta, labai tikėtina, jog ir sustiprina kūrybiškumą.
Reikšminiai žodžiai: suaktyvintas pozityvus nusiteikimas, kūrybiškumas, nusiteikimas, fizinė darbo aplinka.
Keyword : activated positive mood, creativity, moods, physical work environment
How to Cite
Lin, S.-Y., & Chang, H.-I. (2020). Does open-plan office environment support creativity? The mediating role of activated positive mood. Creativity Studies, 13(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2020.10332
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Aiello, J. R., DeRisi, D. T., Epstein, Y. M., & Karlin, R. A. (1977). Crowding and the role of interpersonal distance preference. Sociometry, 40(3), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.2307/3033534
Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research In Organizational Behavior, 10, 123–167. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: a componential conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psycology, 45(2), 357–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.2.357
Amabile, T. M., Barsade, S. G., Mueller, J. S., & Staw, B. M. (2005). Affect and creativity at work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(3), 367–403. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.2005.50.3.367
Amabile, T. M., & Gryskiewicz, N. D. (1989). The creative environment scales: work environment inventory. Creativity Research Journal, 2(4), 231-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400418909534321
Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., & Turken, A. U. (1999). A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition. Psychological Review, 106(3), 529–550. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.529
Axtell, C. M., Holman, D. J., Unsworth, K. L., Wall, T. D., Waterson, P. E., & Harrington, E. (2000). Shopfloor innovation: facilitating the suggestion and implementation of ideas. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(3), 265–285. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317900167029
Baas, M., Dreu, de C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). A meta-analysis of 25 years of mood-creativity research: hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus? Psychological Bulletin, 134(6), 779–806. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012815
Baldassare, M. (1978). Human spatial behavior. Annual Review of Sociology, 4, 29–56. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.04.080178.000333
Barron, F. (1969). Creative person and creative process. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Becker, F., & Steele, F. (1990). The total workplace. Facilities, 8(3), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000002099
Becker, F., & Steele, F. (1995). Workplace by design: mapping the high-performance workscape. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Beghetto, R. A., & Kaufman, J. C. (2009). Do we all have multicreative potential? ZDM: The International Journal on Mathematics Education, 41(1–2), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-008-0143-7
Berquist, J. L. (1999, 20 November). Theories of space and construction of the ancient world: constructs of the social and cultural worlds of antiquity group. Paper Presented at AAR/SBL Annual Meeting. Boston, Massachusetts, United States [unpublished source].
Bindl, U. K., & Parker, Sh. K. (2012). Affect and employee proactivity: a goal-regulatory perspective. In N. M. Ashkanasy, Ch. E. J. Härtel, & W. J. Zerbe, (Series Eds.), Research on Emotion in Organizations, 8, 225–255. Experiencing and managing emotions in the workplace. N. M. Ashkanasy, Ch.E. J. Härtel, & W. J. Zerbe (Eds.). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Bissing‐Olson, M. J., Iyer, A., Fielding, K. S., & Zacher, H. (2013). Relationships between daily affect and pro‐environmental behavior at work: the moderating role of pro‐environmental attitude. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(2), 156–175. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1788
Bledow, R., Rosing, K., & Frese, M. (2013). A dynamic perspective on affect and creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 56(2), 432-450. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0894
Brief, A. P., Burke, M. J., George, J. M., Robinson, B. S., & Webster, J. (1988). Should negative affectivity remain an unmeasured variable in the study of job stress? Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(2), 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.73.2.193
Brill, M., Margulis, S. T., & Konar, E. (1984). Using office design to increase productivity. Vol. 1. Buffalo, N.Y.: Workplace Design and Productivity, Inc.
Brill, M., Margulis, S. T., & Konar, E. (1985). Using office design to increase productivity, 2. Buffalo, N.Y.: Workplace Design and Productivity, Inc.
Burke, M. J., Brief, A. P., George, J. M., Roberson, L., & Webster, J. (1989). Measuring affect at work: confirmatory analyses of competing mood structures with conceptual linkage to cortical regulatory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1091–1102. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1091
Carnevale, D. G. (1992). Physical settings of work: a theory of the effects of environmental form. Public Productivity & Management Review, 15(4), 423–436. https://doi.org/10.2307/3380628
Caroff, X., & Lubart, T. (2012). Multidimensional approach to detecting creative potential in managers. Creativity Research Journal, 24(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2012.652927
Coradi, A., Heinzen, M., & Boutellier, R. (2015). A longitudinal study of workspace design for knowledge exploration and exploitation in the research and development process. Creativity and Innovation Management, 24(1), 55-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12099
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2003). Good business: leadership, flow, and the making of meaning. New York, NY: Viking.
Davis, M. C., Leach, D. J., & Clegg, Ch. W. (2011). The physical environment of the office: contemporary and emerging issues. In G. P. Hodgkinson & J. K. Ford (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 26, 193–237. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119992592.ch6
Davis, T. R. V. (1984). The influence of the physical environment in offices. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 271–283. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1984.4277654
Dreu, de C. K. W., Baas, M., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). Hedonic tone and activation level in the mood-creativity link: toward a dual pathway to creativity model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(5), 739–756. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.739
Dul, J., Ceylan, C., & Jaspers, F. (2011). Knowledge workers’ creativity and the role of the physical work environment. Human Resource Management, 50(6), 715–734. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20454
Duffy, F. (1997). The new office. London: Conran Octopus.
Elsbach, K. D., & Pratt, M. G. (2007). The physical environment in organizations. In J. P. Walsh & A. P. Brief (Eds.), The academy of management annals, 1, 181–224. Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.5465/078559809
Feldman Barrett, L., & Russell, J. A. (1998). Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), 967–984. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.4.967
Fisher, C. D., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2000). The emerging role of emotions in work life: an introduction. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 21(2), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200003)21:2<123::AID-JOB33>3.0.CO;2-8
Florida, R. (2002). The rise of the creative class: and how it’s transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life. New York: Basic Books.
Frijda, N. H. (1988). The laws of emotion. American Psychologist, 43(5), 349–358. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.43.5.349
Gifford, R. (1988). Light, decor, arousal, comfort and communication. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 8(3), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(88)80008-2
George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2007). Dual tuning in a supportive context: joint contributions of positive mood, negative mood, and supervisory behaviors to employee creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 50(3), 605–622. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.25525934
George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2002). Understanding when bad moods foster creativity and good ones don’t: the role of context and clarity of feelings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 687–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.687
Greene, C., & Myerson, J. (2011). Space for thought: designing for knowledge workers. Facilities, 29(1/2), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/02632771111101304
Guilford, J. P. (1967). Creativity: yesterday, today and tomorrow. Journal of Creative Behavior, 1(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.1967.tb00002.x
Haner, U.-E. (2005). Spaces for creativity and innovation in two established organizations. Creativity and Innovation Management, 14(3), 288-298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-8691.2005.00347.x
Hao, N., Xue, H., Yuan, H., Wang, Q., & Runco, M. A. (2017). Enhancing creativity: proper body posture meets proper emotion. Acta Psychologica, 173, 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.12.005
Hedge, A. (1982). The open-plan office: a systematic investigation of employee reactions to their work environment. Environment and Behavior, 14(5), 519–542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916582145002
Hemlin, S., Allwood, C. M., & Martin, B. R. (2008). Creative knowledge environments. Creativity Research Journal, 20(2), 196–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400410802060018
Hennessey, B. A., & Amabile, T. M. (2010). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 569–598. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100416
Hirt, E. R. (1999). Mood. In M. A. Runco & S. R. Pritzker (Eds. in Chief), Encyclopedia of Creativity, 2, 241–250. San Diego: Academic Press.
Isen, A. M. (2000). Some perspectives on positive affect and self-regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 11(3), 184–187.
Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6), 1122–1131. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1122
Janssen, O. (2000). Job demands, perceptions of effort-reward fairness and innovative work behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(3), 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317900167038
Jo Hatch, M. (1987). Physical barriers, task characteristics, and interaction activity in research and development firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32(3), 387–399. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392911
Jung, D. I. (2001). Transformational and transactional leadership and their effects on creativity in groups. Creativity Research Journal, 13(1), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326934CRJ1302_6
Kallio, T. J., Kallio, K.-M., & Blomberg, A. J. (2015). Physical space, culture and organisational creativity – a longitudinal study. Facilities, 33(5/6), 389–411. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-09-2013-0074
Kaplan, S., & Kaplan, R. (2009). Creating a larger role for environmental psychology: the reasonable person model as an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(3), 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.10.005
Kaye, S. M., & Murray, M. A. (1982). Evaluations of an architectural space as a function of variations in furniture arrangement, furniture density, and windows. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 24(5), 609–618. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872088202400511
Kelley, T., & Littman, J. (2005). The ten faces of innovation: IDEO’s strategies for beating the devil’s advocate and driving creativity throughout your organization. New York: Currency/Doubleday.
Knez, I. (2001). Effects of colour of light on nonvisual psychological processes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(2), 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2000.0198
Kopec, D. (2006). Environmental psychology for design. New York: Fairchild Publications, Inc.
Kristensen, T. (2004). The physical context of creativity. Creativity and Innovation Management, 13(2), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-1690.2004.00297.x
Küller, R., Ballal, S., Laike, Th., Mikellides, B., & Tonello, G. (2006). The impact of light and colour on psychological mood: a cross-cultural study of indoor work environments. Ergonomics, 49(14), 1496–1507. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130600858142
Küller, R., & Mikellides, B. (1993). Simulated studies of color, arousal, and comfort. In R. W. Marans & D. Stokols (Eds.), Environmental Simulation: Research and Policy Issues (pp. 163–190). New York: Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1140-7_7
Kwallek, N., & Lewis, C. M. (1990). Effects of environmental colour on males and females: a red or white or green office. Applied Ergonomics, 21(4), 275–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-6870(90)90197-6
Larsen, L., Adams, J., Deal, B., Kweon, B. S., & Tyler, E. (1998). Plants in the workplace: the effects of plant density on productivity, attitudes, and perceptions. Environment and Behavior, 30(3), 261–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/001391659803000301
Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology, 13, 25–59. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Leather, Ph., Beale, D., Santos, A., Watts, J., & Lee, L. (2003). Outcomes of environmental appraisal of different hospital waiting areas. Environment and Behavior, 35(6), 842–869. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916503254777
Leonard, D., & Swap, W. (1999). When sparks fly: harnessing the power of group creativity. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Lubart, T. (2003). Psychologie de la créativité. Series: Cursus. Paris: Armand Colin.
Lubart, T., & Guignard, J.-H. (2004). The generality-specificity of creativity: a multivariate approach. In R. J. Sternberg, E. L. Grigorenko, & J. L. Singer (Eds.), Creativity: From Potential to Realization (pp. 43–56). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10692-004
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803–855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
MacKinnon, D. W. (1962). The nature and nurture of creative talent. American Psychologist, 17(7), 484–495. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046541
Madrid, H. P., Patterson, M. G., Birdi, K. S., Leiva, P. I., & Kausel, E. E. (2014). The role of weekly high‐activated positive mood, context, and personality in innovative work behavior: a multilevel and interactional model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(2), 234–256. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1867
Magadley, W., & Birdi, K. (2009). Innovation labs: an examination into the use of physical spaces to enhance organizational creativity. Creativity and Innovation Management, 18(4), 315–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2009.00540.x
Martens, Y. (2011). Creative workplace: instrumental and symbolic support for creativity. Facilities, 29(1/2), 63–79. https://doi.org/10.1108/02632771111101331
Mattila, A. S., & Wirtz, J. (2001). Congruency of scent and music as a driver of in-store evaluations and behavior. Journal of Retailing, 77(2), 273–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(01)00042-2
May, D. R., Oldham, G. R., & Rathert, Ch. (2005). Employee affective and behavioral reactions to the spatial density of physical work environments. Human Resource Management, 44(1), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20038
Mitchell McCoy, J. (2005). Linking the physical work environment to creative context. Journal of Creative Behavior, 39(3), 167–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.2005.tb01257.x
Mitchell McCoy, J. (2002). Work environments. In R. B. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental Psychology (pp. 443–460). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mitchell McCoy, J., & Evans, G. W. (2002). The potential role of the physical environment in fostering creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 14(3–4), 409–426. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326934CRJ1434_11
McElroy, J. C., & Morrow, P. C. (2010). Employee reactions to office redesign: a naturally occurring quasi-field experiment in a multi-generational setting. Human Relations, 63(5), 609–636. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709342932
Moultrie, J., Nilsson, M., Dissel, M., Haner, U.-E., Janssen, S., & Lugt, van der R. (2007). Innovation spaces: towards a framework for understanding the role of the physical environment in innovation. Creativity and Innovation Management, 16(1), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2007.00419.x
Mumford, M. D., & Licuanan, B. (2004). Leading for innovation: conclusions, issues, and directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.12.010
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998). Mplus: statistical analysis with latent variables. User’s guide. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
Oksanen, K., & Ståhle, P. (2013). Physical environment as a source for innovation: investigating the attributes of innovative space. Journal of Knowledge Management, 17(6), 815–827. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-04-2013-0136
Ree, van H. J. (2002). The added value of office accommodation to organisational performance. Work Study, 51(7), 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1108/00438020210449012
Rompay, van Th. J. L., & Jol, T. (2016). Wild and free: unpredictability and spaciousness as predictors of creative performance. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 48, 140–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.10.001
Runco, M. A. (2004). Everyone has creative potential. In R. J. Sternberg, E. L. Grigorenko, & J. L. Singer (Eds.), Creativity: from potential to realization (pp. 21–30). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10692-002
Runco, M. A., & Jaeger, G. J. (2012). The standard definition of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 24(1), 92–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2012.650092
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161–1178. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077714
Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110(1), 145–172. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145
Saavedra, R., & Earley, P. Ch. (1991). Choice of task and goal under conditions of general and specific affective inducement. Motivation and Emotion, 15(1), 45–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00991475
Sailer, K. (2011). Creativity as a social and spatial process. Facilities, 29(1/2), 6–18. https://doi.org/10.1108/02632771111101296
Schmitt, B. H. (1999). Experiential marketing: how to get customers to sense, feel, think, act, relate to your company and brand. New York: The Free Press.
Seo, M.-G., Bartunek, J. M., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2010). The role of affective experience in work motivation: test of a conceptual model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(7), 951–968.
Shalley, Ch. E. (1991). Effects of productivity goals, creativity goals, and personal discretion on individual creativity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.2.179
Shalley, Ch. E., & Gilson, L. L. (2004). What leaders need to know: a review of social and contextual factors that can foster or hinder creativity. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 33–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.12.004
Shalley, Ch. E., Gilson, L. L., & Blum, T. C. (2009). Interactive effects of growth need strength, work context, and job complexity on self-reported creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 52(3), 489–505. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.41330806
Shalley, Ch. E., Gilson, L. L., & Blum, T. C. (2000). Matching creativity requirements and the work environment: effects on satisfaction and intentions to leave. Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.5465/1556378
Shalley, Ch. E., & Oldham, G. R. (1997). Competition and creative performance: effects of competitor presence and visibility. Creativity Research Journal, 10(4), 337–345. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1004_5
Shalley, Ch. E., Zhou, J., & Oldham, G. R. (2004). The effects of personal and contextual characteristics on creativity: where should we go from here? Journal of Management, 30(6), 933–958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.007
Shin, Sh. J., & Zhou, J. (2003). Transformational leadership, conservation, and creativity: evidence from Korea. Academy of Management Journal, 46(6), 703–714. https://doi.org/10.5465/30040662
Sosik, J. J. (1997). Effects of transformational leadership and anonymity on idea generation in computer-mediated groups. Group & Organization Management, 22(4), 460–487. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601197224004
Sosik, J. J., Kahai, S. S., & Avolio, B. J. (1998). Transformational leadership and dimensions of creativity: motivating idea generation in computer-mediated groups. Creativity Research Journal, 11(2), 111-121. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1102_3
Steele, F. (1986). Making and managing high-quality workplaces: an organizational ecology. New York: Teachers College Press.
Steidle, A., & Werth, L. (2013). Freedom from constraints: darkness and dim illumination promote creativity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 35, 67–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.05.003
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1995). Defying the crowd: cultivating creativity in a culture of conformity. New York, NY: The Free Press.
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1996). Investing in creativity. American Psychologist, 51(7), 677–688. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.51.7.677
Stokols, D., Clitheroe, Ch., & Zmuidzinas, M. (2002). Qualities of work environments that promote perceived support for creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 14(2), 137-147. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326934CRJ1402_1
Stone, N. J., & English, A. J. (1998). Task type, posters, and workspace color on mood, satisfaction, and performance. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18(2), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1998.0084
Stone, N. J., & Irvine, J. M. (1994). Direct or indirect window access, task type, and performance. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 14(1), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80198-7
Staw, B. M., Sutton, R. I., & Pelled, L. H. (1994). Employee positive emotion and favorable outcomes at the workplace. Organization Science, 5(1), 51–71. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.1.51
Sullivan, C. (1991). Employee comfort, satisfaction and productivity: recent efforts at Aetna. In S.Sauter, M. Dainoff, & M.Smith (Eds.), Promoting health and productivity in the computerized officel models of successful ergonomic interventions (pp. 28–48). Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis/Hemisphere.
Tellegen, A., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1999). On the dimensional and hierarchical structure of affect. Psychological Science, 10(4), 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00157
Thompson, K. (Ed.). (2003). The early sociology of management and organizations, V. In F. J. Roethlisberger & W. J. Dickson (Eds.), Management and the Worker. London and New York: Routledge.
Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2002). Creative self-efficacy: its potential antecedents and relationship to creative performance. The Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 1137–1148. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069429
Torrance, E. P. (1966). Torrance tests of creative thinking: norms-technical manual. Research edition. Verbal tests, forms A and B. Figural tests, forms A and B. Princeton: Personnel Press.
Turner Parish, J., Berry, L. L., & Lam, Sh. Y. (2008). The effect of the servicescape on service workers. Journal of Service Research, 10(3), 220–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670507310770
Vischer, J. C. (1989). Environmental quality in offices. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Vischer, J. C. (2007). The effects of the physical environment on job performance: towards a theoretical model of workspace stress. Stress and Health, 23(3), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1134
Vischer, J. C. (2008). Towards an environmental psychology of workspace: how people are affected by environments for work. Architectural Science Review, 51(2), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.3763/asre.2008.5114
Vischer, J. C., & Fischer, G.-N. (2005). User evaluation of the work environment: a diagnostic approach. Le Travail Humain, 68(1), 73–96. https://doi.org/10.3917/th.681.0073
Warr, P., Bindl, U. K., Parker, Sh. K., & Inceoglu, I. (2014). Four-quadrant investigation of job-related affects and behaviours. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(3), 342–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.744449
Watson, D. (2000). Mood and temperament. Series: Emotions and Social Behavior. P. Salovey (Series Ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a Consensual Structure of Mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.219
Weiss, H. M. (2002). Conceptual and empirical foundations for the study of affect at work. In R. G. Lord, R. J. Klimoski, & R. Kanfer (Eds.), Emotions in the workplace: understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior (pp. 20–63). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, J. E., & Griffin, R. W. (1993). Toward a theory of organizational creativity. Academy of Management Review, 18(2), 293–321. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1993.3997517
Zalesny, M. D., & Farace, R. V. (1987). Traditional versus open offices: a comparison of sociotechnical, social relations, and symbolic meaning perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, 30(2), 240–259. https://doi.org/10.2307/256272
Zelinsky, M. (1998). New workplaces for new workstyles. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: the influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107–128. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.48037118
Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2001). When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 682–696. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069410
Zhou, J., Shin, Sh. J., & Cannella, Jr. A. A. (2008). Employee self-perceived creativity after mergers and acquisitions: interactive effects of threat-opportunity perception, access to resources, and support for creativity. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44(4), 397–421. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886308328010
Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research In Organizational Behavior, 10, 123–167. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: a componential conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psycology, 45(2), 357–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.2.357
Amabile, T. M., Barsade, S. G., Mueller, J. S., & Staw, B. M. (2005). Affect and creativity at work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(3), 367–403. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.2005.50.3.367
Amabile, T. M., & Gryskiewicz, N. D. (1989). The creative environment scales: work environment inventory. Creativity Research Journal, 2(4), 231-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400418909534321
Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., & Turken, A. U. (1999). A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition. Psychological Review, 106(3), 529–550. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.529
Axtell, C. M., Holman, D. J., Unsworth, K. L., Wall, T. D., Waterson, P. E., & Harrington, E. (2000). Shopfloor innovation: facilitating the suggestion and implementation of ideas. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(3), 265–285. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317900167029
Baas, M., Dreu, de C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). A meta-analysis of 25 years of mood-creativity research: hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus? Psychological Bulletin, 134(6), 779–806. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012815
Baldassare, M. (1978). Human spatial behavior. Annual Review of Sociology, 4, 29–56. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.04.080178.000333
Barron, F. (1969). Creative person and creative process. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Becker, F., & Steele, F. (1990). The total workplace. Facilities, 8(3), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000002099
Becker, F., & Steele, F. (1995). Workplace by design: mapping the high-performance workscape. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Beghetto, R. A., & Kaufman, J. C. (2009). Do we all have multicreative potential? ZDM: The International Journal on Mathematics Education, 41(1–2), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-008-0143-7
Berquist, J. L. (1999, 20 November). Theories of space and construction of the ancient world: constructs of the social and cultural worlds of antiquity group. Paper Presented at AAR/SBL Annual Meeting. Boston, Massachusetts, United States [unpublished source].
Bindl, U. K., & Parker, Sh. K. (2012). Affect and employee proactivity: a goal-regulatory perspective. In N. M. Ashkanasy, Ch. E. J. Härtel, & W. J. Zerbe, (Series Eds.), Research on Emotion in Organizations, 8, 225–255. Experiencing and managing emotions in the workplace. N. M. Ashkanasy, Ch.E. J. Härtel, & W. J. Zerbe (Eds.). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Bissing‐Olson, M. J., Iyer, A., Fielding, K. S., & Zacher, H. (2013). Relationships between daily affect and pro‐environmental behavior at work: the moderating role of pro‐environmental attitude. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(2), 156–175. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1788
Bledow, R., Rosing, K., & Frese, M. (2013). A dynamic perspective on affect and creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 56(2), 432-450. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0894
Brief, A. P., Burke, M. J., George, J. M., Robinson, B. S., & Webster, J. (1988). Should negative affectivity remain an unmeasured variable in the study of job stress? Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(2), 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.73.2.193
Brill, M., Margulis, S. T., & Konar, E. (1984). Using office design to increase productivity. Vol. 1. Buffalo, N.Y.: Workplace Design and Productivity, Inc.
Brill, M., Margulis, S. T., & Konar, E. (1985). Using office design to increase productivity, 2. Buffalo, N.Y.: Workplace Design and Productivity, Inc.
Burke, M. J., Brief, A. P., George, J. M., Roberson, L., & Webster, J. (1989). Measuring affect at work: confirmatory analyses of competing mood structures with conceptual linkage to cortical regulatory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1091–1102. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1091
Carnevale, D. G. (1992). Physical settings of work: a theory of the effects of environmental form. Public Productivity & Management Review, 15(4), 423–436. https://doi.org/10.2307/3380628
Caroff, X., & Lubart, T. (2012). Multidimensional approach to detecting creative potential in managers. Creativity Research Journal, 24(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2012.652927
Coradi, A., Heinzen, M., & Boutellier, R. (2015). A longitudinal study of workspace design for knowledge exploration and exploitation in the research and development process. Creativity and Innovation Management, 24(1), 55-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12099
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2003). Good business: leadership, flow, and the making of meaning. New York, NY: Viking.
Davis, M. C., Leach, D. J., & Clegg, Ch. W. (2011). The physical environment of the office: contemporary and emerging issues. In G. P. Hodgkinson & J. K. Ford (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 26, 193–237. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119992592.ch6
Davis, T. R. V. (1984). The influence of the physical environment in offices. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 271–283. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1984.4277654
Dreu, de C. K. W., Baas, M., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). Hedonic tone and activation level in the mood-creativity link: toward a dual pathway to creativity model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(5), 739–756. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.739
Dul, J., Ceylan, C., & Jaspers, F. (2011). Knowledge workers’ creativity and the role of the physical work environment. Human Resource Management, 50(6), 715–734. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20454
Duffy, F. (1997). The new office. London: Conran Octopus.
Elsbach, K. D., & Pratt, M. G. (2007). The physical environment in organizations. In J. P. Walsh & A. P. Brief (Eds.), The academy of management annals, 1, 181–224. Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.5465/078559809
Feldman Barrett, L., & Russell, J. A. (1998). Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), 967–984. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.4.967
Fisher, C. D., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2000). The emerging role of emotions in work life: an introduction. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 21(2), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200003)21:2<123::AID-JOB33>3.0.CO;2-8
Florida, R. (2002). The rise of the creative class: and how it’s transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life. New York: Basic Books.
Frijda, N. H. (1988). The laws of emotion. American Psychologist, 43(5), 349–358. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.43.5.349
Gifford, R. (1988). Light, decor, arousal, comfort and communication. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 8(3), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(88)80008-2
George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2007). Dual tuning in a supportive context: joint contributions of positive mood, negative mood, and supervisory behaviors to employee creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 50(3), 605–622. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.25525934
George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2002). Understanding when bad moods foster creativity and good ones don’t: the role of context and clarity of feelings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 687–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.687
Greene, C., & Myerson, J. (2011). Space for thought: designing for knowledge workers. Facilities, 29(1/2), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/02632771111101304
Guilford, J. P. (1967). Creativity: yesterday, today and tomorrow. Journal of Creative Behavior, 1(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.1967.tb00002.x
Haner, U.-E. (2005). Spaces for creativity and innovation in two established organizations. Creativity and Innovation Management, 14(3), 288-298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-8691.2005.00347.x
Hao, N., Xue, H., Yuan, H., Wang, Q., & Runco, M. A. (2017). Enhancing creativity: proper body posture meets proper emotion. Acta Psychologica, 173, 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.12.005
Hedge, A. (1982). The open-plan office: a systematic investigation of employee reactions to their work environment. Environment and Behavior, 14(5), 519–542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916582145002
Hemlin, S., Allwood, C. M., & Martin, B. R. (2008). Creative knowledge environments. Creativity Research Journal, 20(2), 196–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400410802060018
Hennessey, B. A., & Amabile, T. M. (2010). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 569–598. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100416
Hirt, E. R. (1999). Mood. In M. A. Runco & S. R. Pritzker (Eds. in Chief), Encyclopedia of Creativity, 2, 241–250. San Diego: Academic Press.
Isen, A. M. (2000). Some perspectives on positive affect and self-regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 11(3), 184–187.
Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6), 1122–1131. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1122
Janssen, O. (2000). Job demands, perceptions of effort-reward fairness and innovative work behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(3), 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317900167038
Jo Hatch, M. (1987). Physical barriers, task characteristics, and interaction activity in research and development firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32(3), 387–399. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392911
Jung, D. I. (2001). Transformational and transactional leadership and their effects on creativity in groups. Creativity Research Journal, 13(1), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326934CRJ1302_6
Kallio, T. J., Kallio, K.-M., & Blomberg, A. J. (2015). Physical space, culture and organisational creativity – a longitudinal study. Facilities, 33(5/6), 389–411. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-09-2013-0074
Kaplan, S., & Kaplan, R. (2009). Creating a larger role for environmental psychology: the reasonable person model as an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(3), 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.10.005
Kaye, S. M., & Murray, M. A. (1982). Evaluations of an architectural space as a function of variations in furniture arrangement, furniture density, and windows. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 24(5), 609–618. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872088202400511
Kelley, T., & Littman, J. (2005). The ten faces of innovation: IDEO’s strategies for beating the devil’s advocate and driving creativity throughout your organization. New York: Currency/Doubleday.
Knez, I. (2001). Effects of colour of light on nonvisual psychological processes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(2), 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2000.0198
Kopec, D. (2006). Environmental psychology for design. New York: Fairchild Publications, Inc.
Kristensen, T. (2004). The physical context of creativity. Creativity and Innovation Management, 13(2), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-1690.2004.00297.x
Küller, R., Ballal, S., Laike, Th., Mikellides, B., & Tonello, G. (2006). The impact of light and colour on psychological mood: a cross-cultural study of indoor work environments. Ergonomics, 49(14), 1496–1507. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130600858142
Küller, R., & Mikellides, B. (1993). Simulated studies of color, arousal, and comfort. In R. W. Marans & D. Stokols (Eds.), Environmental Simulation: Research and Policy Issues (pp. 163–190). New York: Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1140-7_7
Kwallek, N., & Lewis, C. M. (1990). Effects of environmental colour on males and females: a red or white or green office. Applied Ergonomics, 21(4), 275–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-6870(90)90197-6
Larsen, L., Adams, J., Deal, B., Kweon, B. S., & Tyler, E. (1998). Plants in the workplace: the effects of plant density on productivity, attitudes, and perceptions. Environment and Behavior, 30(3), 261–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/001391659803000301
Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology, 13, 25–59. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Leather, Ph., Beale, D., Santos, A., Watts, J., & Lee, L. (2003). Outcomes of environmental appraisal of different hospital waiting areas. Environment and Behavior, 35(6), 842–869. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916503254777
Leonard, D., & Swap, W. (1999). When sparks fly: harnessing the power of group creativity. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Lubart, T. (2003). Psychologie de la créativité. Series: Cursus. Paris: Armand Colin.
Lubart, T., & Guignard, J.-H. (2004). The generality-specificity of creativity: a multivariate approach. In R. J. Sternberg, E. L. Grigorenko, & J. L. Singer (Eds.), Creativity: From Potential to Realization (pp. 43–56). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10692-004
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803–855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
MacKinnon, D. W. (1962). The nature and nurture of creative talent. American Psychologist, 17(7), 484–495. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046541
Madrid, H. P., Patterson, M. G., Birdi, K. S., Leiva, P. I., & Kausel, E. E. (2014). The role of weekly high‐activated positive mood, context, and personality in innovative work behavior: a multilevel and interactional model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(2), 234–256. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1867
Magadley, W., & Birdi, K. (2009). Innovation labs: an examination into the use of physical spaces to enhance organizational creativity. Creativity and Innovation Management, 18(4), 315–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2009.00540.x
Martens, Y. (2011). Creative workplace: instrumental and symbolic support for creativity. Facilities, 29(1/2), 63–79. https://doi.org/10.1108/02632771111101331
Mattila, A. S., & Wirtz, J. (2001). Congruency of scent and music as a driver of in-store evaluations and behavior. Journal of Retailing, 77(2), 273–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(01)00042-2
May, D. R., Oldham, G. R., & Rathert, Ch. (2005). Employee affective and behavioral reactions to the spatial density of physical work environments. Human Resource Management, 44(1), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20038
Mitchell McCoy, J. (2005). Linking the physical work environment to creative context. Journal of Creative Behavior, 39(3), 167–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.2005.tb01257.x
Mitchell McCoy, J. (2002). Work environments. In R. B. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental Psychology (pp. 443–460). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mitchell McCoy, J., & Evans, G. W. (2002). The potential role of the physical environment in fostering creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 14(3–4), 409–426. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326934CRJ1434_11
McElroy, J. C., & Morrow, P. C. (2010). Employee reactions to office redesign: a naturally occurring quasi-field experiment in a multi-generational setting. Human Relations, 63(5), 609–636. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709342932
Moultrie, J., Nilsson, M., Dissel, M., Haner, U.-E., Janssen, S., & Lugt, van der R. (2007). Innovation spaces: towards a framework for understanding the role of the physical environment in innovation. Creativity and Innovation Management, 16(1), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2007.00419.x
Mumford, M. D., & Licuanan, B. (2004). Leading for innovation: conclusions, issues, and directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.12.010
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998). Mplus: statistical analysis with latent variables. User’s guide. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
Oksanen, K., & Ståhle, P. (2013). Physical environment as a source for innovation: investigating the attributes of innovative space. Journal of Knowledge Management, 17(6), 815–827. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-04-2013-0136
Ree, van H. J. (2002). The added value of office accommodation to organisational performance. Work Study, 51(7), 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1108/00438020210449012
Rompay, van Th. J. L., & Jol, T. (2016). Wild and free: unpredictability and spaciousness as predictors of creative performance. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 48, 140–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.10.001
Runco, M. A. (2004). Everyone has creative potential. In R. J. Sternberg, E. L. Grigorenko, & J. L. Singer (Eds.), Creativity: from potential to realization (pp. 21–30). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10692-002
Runco, M. A., & Jaeger, G. J. (2012). The standard definition of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 24(1), 92–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2012.650092
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161–1178. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077714
Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110(1), 145–172. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145
Saavedra, R., & Earley, P. Ch. (1991). Choice of task and goal under conditions of general and specific affective inducement. Motivation and Emotion, 15(1), 45–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00991475
Sailer, K. (2011). Creativity as a social and spatial process. Facilities, 29(1/2), 6–18. https://doi.org/10.1108/02632771111101296
Schmitt, B. H. (1999). Experiential marketing: how to get customers to sense, feel, think, act, relate to your company and brand. New York: The Free Press.
Seo, M.-G., Bartunek, J. M., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2010). The role of affective experience in work motivation: test of a conceptual model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(7), 951–968.
Shalley, Ch. E. (1991). Effects of productivity goals, creativity goals, and personal discretion on individual creativity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.2.179
Shalley, Ch. E., & Gilson, L. L. (2004). What leaders need to know: a review of social and contextual factors that can foster or hinder creativity. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 33–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.12.004
Shalley, Ch. E., Gilson, L. L., & Blum, T. C. (2009). Interactive effects of growth need strength, work context, and job complexity on self-reported creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 52(3), 489–505. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.41330806
Shalley, Ch. E., Gilson, L. L., & Blum, T. C. (2000). Matching creativity requirements and the work environment: effects on satisfaction and intentions to leave. Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.5465/1556378
Shalley, Ch. E., & Oldham, G. R. (1997). Competition and creative performance: effects of competitor presence and visibility. Creativity Research Journal, 10(4), 337–345. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1004_5
Shalley, Ch. E., Zhou, J., & Oldham, G. R. (2004). The effects of personal and contextual characteristics on creativity: where should we go from here? Journal of Management, 30(6), 933–958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.007
Shin, Sh. J., & Zhou, J. (2003). Transformational leadership, conservation, and creativity: evidence from Korea. Academy of Management Journal, 46(6), 703–714. https://doi.org/10.5465/30040662
Sosik, J. J. (1997). Effects of transformational leadership and anonymity on idea generation in computer-mediated groups. Group & Organization Management, 22(4), 460–487. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601197224004
Sosik, J. J., Kahai, S. S., & Avolio, B. J. (1998). Transformational leadership and dimensions of creativity: motivating idea generation in computer-mediated groups. Creativity Research Journal, 11(2), 111-121. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1102_3
Steele, F. (1986). Making and managing high-quality workplaces: an organizational ecology. New York: Teachers College Press.
Steidle, A., & Werth, L. (2013). Freedom from constraints: darkness and dim illumination promote creativity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 35, 67–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.05.003
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1995). Defying the crowd: cultivating creativity in a culture of conformity. New York, NY: The Free Press.
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1996). Investing in creativity. American Psychologist, 51(7), 677–688. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.51.7.677
Stokols, D., Clitheroe, Ch., & Zmuidzinas, M. (2002). Qualities of work environments that promote perceived support for creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 14(2), 137-147. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326934CRJ1402_1
Stone, N. J., & English, A. J. (1998). Task type, posters, and workspace color on mood, satisfaction, and performance. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18(2), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1998.0084
Stone, N. J., & Irvine, J. M. (1994). Direct or indirect window access, task type, and performance. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 14(1), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80198-7
Staw, B. M., Sutton, R. I., & Pelled, L. H. (1994). Employee positive emotion and favorable outcomes at the workplace. Organization Science, 5(1), 51–71. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.1.51
Sullivan, C. (1991). Employee comfort, satisfaction and productivity: recent efforts at Aetna. In S.Sauter, M. Dainoff, & M.Smith (Eds.), Promoting health and productivity in the computerized officel models of successful ergonomic interventions (pp. 28–48). Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis/Hemisphere.
Tellegen, A., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1999). On the dimensional and hierarchical structure of affect. Psychological Science, 10(4), 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00157
Thompson, K. (Ed.). (2003). The early sociology of management and organizations, V. In F. J. Roethlisberger & W. J. Dickson (Eds.), Management and the Worker. London and New York: Routledge.
Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2002). Creative self-efficacy: its potential antecedents and relationship to creative performance. The Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 1137–1148. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069429
Torrance, E. P. (1966). Torrance tests of creative thinking: norms-technical manual. Research edition. Verbal tests, forms A and B. Figural tests, forms A and B. Princeton: Personnel Press.
Turner Parish, J., Berry, L. L., & Lam, Sh. Y. (2008). The effect of the servicescape on service workers. Journal of Service Research, 10(3), 220–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670507310770
Vischer, J. C. (1989). Environmental quality in offices. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Vischer, J. C. (2007). The effects of the physical environment on job performance: towards a theoretical model of workspace stress. Stress and Health, 23(3), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1134
Vischer, J. C. (2008). Towards an environmental psychology of workspace: how people are affected by environments for work. Architectural Science Review, 51(2), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.3763/asre.2008.5114
Vischer, J. C., & Fischer, G.-N. (2005). User evaluation of the work environment: a diagnostic approach. Le Travail Humain, 68(1), 73–96. https://doi.org/10.3917/th.681.0073
Warr, P., Bindl, U. K., Parker, Sh. K., & Inceoglu, I. (2014). Four-quadrant investigation of job-related affects and behaviours. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(3), 342–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.744449
Watson, D. (2000). Mood and temperament. Series: Emotions and Social Behavior. P. Salovey (Series Ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a Consensual Structure of Mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.219
Weiss, H. M. (2002). Conceptual and empirical foundations for the study of affect at work. In R. G. Lord, R. J. Klimoski, & R. Kanfer (Eds.), Emotions in the workplace: understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior (pp. 20–63). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, J. E., & Griffin, R. W. (1993). Toward a theory of organizational creativity. Academy of Management Review, 18(2), 293–321. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1993.3997517
Zalesny, M. D., & Farace, R. V. (1987). Traditional versus open offices: a comparison of sociotechnical, social relations, and symbolic meaning perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, 30(2), 240–259. https://doi.org/10.2307/256272
Zelinsky, M. (1998). New workplaces for new workstyles. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: the influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107–128. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.48037118
Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2001). When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 682–696. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069410
Zhou, J., Shin, Sh. J., & Cannella, Jr. A. A. (2008). Employee self-perceived creativity after mergers and acquisitions: interactive effects of threat-opportunity perception, access to resources, and support for creativity. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44(4), 397–421. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886308328010