Creative class in the borderlands? The case of commuting scholars in Poland
Abstract
Richard Florida claims that members of the “creative class” move to cities, perceived as open and conducive to creative work – a phenomenon which Florida insists is a fundamental economic driver in the Western world. This includes academics and researchers and results in the transfer of knowledge and skills. As the concept of “creative class” was coined in the United States, we may pose the question if it is applicable in other social contexts. The geographical focus of the current paper is on the Polish borderlands. We investigate how international academic commuters, i.e. academics travelling to work in Poland from the neighbouring countries, contribute to the knowledge transfer, or more broadly, the “creative transfer”. This study, a part of a broader research project involving 100 foreign-born scholars working in Poland, uses a sub-sample of the 16 in-depth interviews with international commuting scholars (as opposed to those who presently live in Poland). The results show that most of the internationally commuting scholars come to Poland strictly to deliver teaching. Focused on this goal, they do not take part in social or cultural life in Poland. Although not earning enough money in their home countries, they do not want to move permanently to Poland. Instead, they use the opportunities given by living near the border. These practices make them more similar to regular economic migrants, rather than members of the “creative class”, although some traces of the “creative transfer” can be identified.
Keyword : academic migration, commuting scholars, creative class, creative transfer, highly skilled migrants, knowledge transfer
How to Cite
Łuczaj, K., Leonowicz-Bukała, I., & Kurek-Ochmańska, O. (2022). Creative class in the borderlands? The case of commuting scholars in Poland. Creativity Studies, 15(1), 246–262. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2022.12289
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Grzymala-Kazlowska, A. (2016). Social anchoring: Immigrant identity, security and integration reconnected? Sociology, 50(6), 1123–1139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038515594091
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Jenkins, J. (2014). English as a Lingua Franca in the International University: The politics of academic English language policy. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203798157
Jokinen, J. (2020). Regional Innovation Scoreboard 2019 map. Nordregio. https://nordregio.org/maps/regional-innovation-scoreboard-2019
Kim, D., Wolf-Wendel, L., & Twombly, S. (2011). International faculty: Experiences of academic life and productivity in U.S. universities. The Journal of Higher Education, 82(6), 720–747. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.2011.0038
King, N., Horrocks, Ch., & Brooks, J. (2019). Interviews in qualitative research. SAGE.
Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2008). InterViews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Libaers, D., & Wang, T. (2012). Foreign-born academic scientists: Entrepreneurial academics or academic entrepreneurs? R&D Management, 42(3), 254–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2012.00682.x
Luczaj, K. (2020). Foreign-born scholars in Central Europe: A planned strategy or a “Dart Throw”? Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 42(6), 602–616. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2019.1682955
Luczaj, K., & Bahna, M. (2020). Explaining the role of international scholars in semi-peripheries. Evidence from Slovakia. Studies in Higher Education, 45(4), 706–722. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2018.1550744
Luczaj, K., & Bahna, M. (2021). International scholars in academic semi-peripheries: A sign of research excellence or a remedy for staff shortages? In Ch. Glass, K. Bista, & X. Lin (Eds.), Routledge studies in global student mobility. The experiences of international faculty in institutions of higher education: Enhancing recruitment, retention, and integration of international talent (pp. 121–134). Routledge.
Łuczaj, K., Bielska, B., Kurek-Ochmańska, O., & Mucha, J. (2020). Osiadłe ptaki. Urodzeni za granicą pracownicy Polskich instytucji akademickich. Wydawnictwo AGH.
Ma, P.-W. W., & Yeh, Ch. J. (2010). Individual and familial factors influencing the educational and career plans of Chinese immigrant youths. The Career Development Quarterly, 58(3), 230–245. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2010.tb00189.x
Mahmud, Sh., Alam, Q., & Härtel, Ch. (2014). Mismatches in skills and attributes of immigrants and problems with workplace integration: A study of IT and engineering professionals in Australia. Human Resource Management Journal, 24(3), 339–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12026
Marshall, J. C., Buttars, P., Callahan, Th., Dennehy, J. J., Harris, D. J., Lunt, B., Mika, M., & Shupe, R. (2009). Letter to the editors: In the academic job market, will you be competitive? A case study in ecology and evolutionary biology. Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution, 55, 381–392. https://doi.org/10.1560/IJEE.55.4.381
Mäkelä, L., Saarenpää, K., & McNulty, Y. (2017). International business travellers, short-term assignees and international commuters. In Y. McNulty & J. Selmer (Eds), Research handbook of expatriates (pp. 276–296). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784718183.00024
Mucha, J., & Łuczaj, K. (2018). Studia Migracyjne. Polska w świecie krążących umysłów. Zagraniczni pracownicy naukowo-dydaktyczni na uczelniach krakowskich. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323534679
Polanyi, M. (1966). The tacit dimension. The University of Chicago Press.
Polanyi, M., & Prosch, H. (1975). Meaning. The University of Chicago Press.
Prandner, D., Kepler, J., & Weichbold, M. (2019). Building a sampling frame for migrant populations via an onomastic approach – lesson learned from the Austrian immigrant survey 2016. In Survey Insights from the Field. https://surveyinsights.org/?p=10641&print=pdf
Quassoli, F. (1999). Migrants in the Italian underground economy. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23(2), 212–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00192
Reitz, J. G., Curtis, J., & Elrick, J. (2014). Immigrant skill utilization: Trends and policy issues. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 15, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-012-0265-1
Robertson, S. L. (2006). Brain drain, brain gain and brain circulation. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 4(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767720600554908
Rodriguez Medina, L. (2014). Routledge advances in sociology. Centers and peripheries in knowledge production. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203767016
Rostan, M., & Höhle, E. A. (2014). The international mobility of faculty. In F. Huang, M. Finkelstein, & M. Rostan (Eds.), The changing academy – the changing academic profession in international comparative perspective, Vol. 10. The Internationalization of the Academy: Changes, realities and prospects (pp. 79–104). Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7278-6_5
Schnell, R., Gramlich, T., Bachteler, T., Reiher, J., Trappmann, M., Smid, M., & Becher, I. (2013). Ein neues Verfahren für namensbasierte Zufallsstichproben von Migranten. Methoden, Daten, Analysen, 7(1), 5–33.
Schnell, R., Trappmann, M., & Gramlich, T. (2014). A study of assimilation bias in name-based sampling of migrants. Journal of Official Statistics, 30(2), 231–249. https://doi.org/10.2478/jos-2014-0015
Tang, S. (2015). Social capital and determinants of immigrant family educational involvement. The Journal of Educational Research, 108(1), 22–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2013.833076
Triantafyllaki, A. (2016). The role of “creative transfer” in professional transitions. Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 15(3–4), 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474022216647387
Turchick Hakak, L., Holzinger, I., & Zikic, J. (2010). Barriers and paths to success: Latin American MBAs’ views of employment in Canada. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(2), 159–176. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941011019366
Turney, K., & Kao, G. (2009). Barriers to school involvement: Are immigrant parents disadvantaged? The Journal of Educational Research, 102(4), 257–271. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.102.4.257-271
Warczok, T., & Zarycki, T. (2016). Gra peryferyjna. Polska politologia w globalnym polu nauk społecznych. Wydawnictwo Naukowe SCHOLAR.
Webber, K. L. (2012). Research productivity of foreign- and US-born faculty: Differences by time on task. Higher Education, 64, 709–729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-012-9523-6
Wetherell, S. (2017). Richard Florida is sorry. Jacobin. https://jacobinmag.com/2017/08/new-urban-crisis-review-richard-florida
Williams, A. M. (2007). Listen to me, learn with me: International migration and knowledge transfer. An International Journal of Employment Relations, 45(2), 361–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2007.00618.x
Williams, A. M., & Baláž, V. (2008). Routledge studies in human geography. International migration and knowledge. Routledge.
Zikic, J., Bonache, J., & Cerdin, J.-L. (2010). Crossing national boundaries: A typology of qualified immigrants’ career orientations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(5), 667–686. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.705
Zweig, D., Changgui, Ch., & Rosen, S. (2004). Globalization and transnational human capital: Overseas and returnee scholars to China. The China Quarterly, 179, 735–757. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741004000566
Alarcón, R. (1999). Recruitment processes among foreign-born engineers and scientists in Silicon Valley. American Behavioral Scientist, 42(9), 1381–1397. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027649921954958
Almeida, Sh., Fernando, M., & Sheridan, A. (2012). Revealing the screening: Organisational factors influencing the recruitment of immigrant professionals. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(9), 1950–1965. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.616527
Andersson, Å. E. (2011). Creative people need creative cities. In D. E. Andersson, Å. E. Andersson, & Ch. Mellander (Eds.), Handbook of creative cities (pp. 14–55). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857936394
Argote, L., & Ingram, P. (2000). Knowledge transfer: A basis for competitive advantage in firms. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82(1), 150–169. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2000.2893
Blackler, F. (2002). Knowledge, knowledge work and organizations: An overview and interpretation. In Ch. W. Choo & N. Bontis (Eds.), The strategic management of intellectual capital and organizational knowledge (pp. 47–64). Oxford University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1997). The forms of capital. In A. H. Halsey, H. Lauder, Ph. Brown, & A. Stuart Wells (Eds.), Education: Culture, economy, and society (pp. 46–58). Oxford University Press.
Boyce, C., & Neale, P. (2006). Pathfinder international tool series, Vol. 2: Monitoring and evaluation. Conducting in-depth interviews: A guide for designing and conducting in-depth interviews for evaluation input. Pathfinder International.
Brechelmacher, A., Park, E., Ates, G., & Campbell, D. F. J. (2015). The Rocky road to tenure – career paths in academia. In T. Fumasoli, G. Goastellec, & B. M. Kehm (Eds.), The changing academy – the changing academic profession in international comparative perspective, Vol. 12. Academic work and careers in Europe, trends, challenges, perspectives (pp. 13–40). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10720-2_2
Constantin, F. (2009). Migrating or commuting? The case of Romanian workers in Italy: Niches for labour commuting to the EU. Open Society Foundations. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/publications/migrating-or-commuting-case-romanian-workers-italy-niches-labour-commuting-eu
Corley, E. A., & Sabharwal, M. (2007). Foreign-born academic scientists and engineers: Producing more and getting less than their U.S.-born peers? Research in Higher Education, 48(8), 909–940. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-007-9055-6
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Czaika, M., & Parsons, Ch. R. (2017). The gravity of high-skilled migration policies. Demography, 54, 603–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0559-1
Dorling, D. (2017). The new urban crisis by Richard Florida review – “Flawed and Elitist Ideas”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/sep/26/richard-florida-new-urban-crisis-review-flawed-elitist-ideas
Florida, R. (2017). The new urban crisis: How our cities are increasing inequality, deepening segregation, and failing the middle class – and what we can do about it. Basic Books.
Florida, R. (2011). The rise of the creative class, revisited. Basic Books.
Florida, R., & Mellander, Ch. (2015). The rise of the global creative class. In D. Archibugi, A. A. Filippetti (Eds.), Handbooks of Global Policy. The handbook of global science, technology, and innovation (pp. 313–342). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118739044.ch15
Gershon, I. (2019). Porous social orders. American Ethnologist: Journal of the American Ethnological Society, 46(4), 404–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12829
Gonzalez, L. M., Stein, G. L., & Huq, N. (2013). The influence of cultural identity and perceived barriers on college-going beliefs and aspirations of Latino youth in emerging immigrant communities. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 35(1), 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986312463002
Górny, A., & Śleszyński, P. (2019). Exploring the special concentration of foreign employment in Poland under the simplified procedure. Geographia Polonica, 92(3), 331–345. https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0152
Grzymala-Kazlowska, A. (2016). Social anchoring: Immigrant identity, security and integration reconnected? Sociology, 50(6), 1123–1139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038515594091
Jacobs, J. (1992). The death and life of great American cities. Vintage Books.
Jenkins, J. (2014). English as a Lingua Franca in the International University: The politics of academic English language policy. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203798157
Jokinen, J. (2020). Regional Innovation Scoreboard 2019 map. Nordregio. https://nordregio.org/maps/regional-innovation-scoreboard-2019
Kim, D., Wolf-Wendel, L., & Twombly, S. (2011). International faculty: Experiences of academic life and productivity in U.S. universities. The Journal of Higher Education, 82(6), 720–747. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.2011.0038
King, N., Horrocks, Ch., & Brooks, J. (2019). Interviews in qualitative research. SAGE.
Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2008). InterViews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Libaers, D., & Wang, T. (2012). Foreign-born academic scientists: Entrepreneurial academics or academic entrepreneurs? R&D Management, 42(3), 254–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2012.00682.x
Luczaj, K. (2020). Foreign-born scholars in Central Europe: A planned strategy or a “Dart Throw”? Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 42(6), 602–616. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2019.1682955
Luczaj, K., & Bahna, M. (2020). Explaining the role of international scholars in semi-peripheries. Evidence from Slovakia. Studies in Higher Education, 45(4), 706–722. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2018.1550744
Luczaj, K., & Bahna, M. (2021). International scholars in academic semi-peripheries: A sign of research excellence or a remedy for staff shortages? In Ch. Glass, K. Bista, & X. Lin (Eds.), Routledge studies in global student mobility. The experiences of international faculty in institutions of higher education: Enhancing recruitment, retention, and integration of international talent (pp. 121–134). Routledge.
Łuczaj, K., Bielska, B., Kurek-Ochmańska, O., & Mucha, J. (2020). Osiadłe ptaki. Urodzeni za granicą pracownicy Polskich instytucji akademickich. Wydawnictwo AGH.
Ma, P.-W. W., & Yeh, Ch. J. (2010). Individual and familial factors influencing the educational and career plans of Chinese immigrant youths. The Career Development Quarterly, 58(3), 230–245. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2010.tb00189.x
Mahmud, Sh., Alam, Q., & Härtel, Ch. (2014). Mismatches in skills and attributes of immigrants and problems with workplace integration: A study of IT and engineering professionals in Australia. Human Resource Management Journal, 24(3), 339–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12026
Marshall, J. C., Buttars, P., Callahan, Th., Dennehy, J. J., Harris, D. J., Lunt, B., Mika, M., & Shupe, R. (2009). Letter to the editors: In the academic job market, will you be competitive? A case study in ecology and evolutionary biology. Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution, 55, 381–392. https://doi.org/10.1560/IJEE.55.4.381
Mäkelä, L., Saarenpää, K., & McNulty, Y. (2017). International business travellers, short-term assignees and international commuters. In Y. McNulty & J. Selmer (Eds), Research handbook of expatriates (pp. 276–296). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784718183.00024
Mucha, J., & Łuczaj, K. (2018). Studia Migracyjne. Polska w świecie krążących umysłów. Zagraniczni pracownicy naukowo-dydaktyczni na uczelniach krakowskich. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323534679
Polanyi, M. (1966). The tacit dimension. The University of Chicago Press.
Polanyi, M., & Prosch, H. (1975). Meaning. The University of Chicago Press.
Prandner, D., Kepler, J., & Weichbold, M. (2019). Building a sampling frame for migrant populations via an onomastic approach – lesson learned from the Austrian immigrant survey 2016. In Survey Insights from the Field. https://surveyinsights.org/?p=10641&print=pdf
Quassoli, F. (1999). Migrants in the Italian underground economy. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23(2), 212–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00192
Reitz, J. G., Curtis, J., & Elrick, J. (2014). Immigrant skill utilization: Trends and policy issues. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 15, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-012-0265-1
Robertson, S. L. (2006). Brain drain, brain gain and brain circulation. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 4(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767720600554908
Rodriguez Medina, L. (2014). Routledge advances in sociology. Centers and peripheries in knowledge production. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203767016
Rostan, M., & Höhle, E. A. (2014). The international mobility of faculty. In F. Huang, M. Finkelstein, & M. Rostan (Eds.), The changing academy – the changing academic profession in international comparative perspective, Vol. 10. The Internationalization of the Academy: Changes, realities and prospects (pp. 79–104). Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7278-6_5
Schnell, R., Gramlich, T., Bachteler, T., Reiher, J., Trappmann, M., Smid, M., & Becher, I. (2013). Ein neues Verfahren für namensbasierte Zufallsstichproben von Migranten. Methoden, Daten, Analysen, 7(1), 5–33.
Schnell, R., Trappmann, M., & Gramlich, T. (2014). A study of assimilation bias in name-based sampling of migrants. Journal of Official Statistics, 30(2), 231–249. https://doi.org/10.2478/jos-2014-0015
Tang, S. (2015). Social capital and determinants of immigrant family educational involvement. The Journal of Educational Research, 108(1), 22–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2013.833076
Triantafyllaki, A. (2016). The role of “creative transfer” in professional transitions. Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 15(3–4), 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474022216647387
Turchick Hakak, L., Holzinger, I., & Zikic, J. (2010). Barriers and paths to success: Latin American MBAs’ views of employment in Canada. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(2), 159–176. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941011019366
Turney, K., & Kao, G. (2009). Barriers to school involvement: Are immigrant parents disadvantaged? The Journal of Educational Research, 102(4), 257–271. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.102.4.257-271
Warczok, T., & Zarycki, T. (2016). Gra peryferyjna. Polska politologia w globalnym polu nauk społecznych. Wydawnictwo Naukowe SCHOLAR.
Webber, K. L. (2012). Research productivity of foreign- and US-born faculty: Differences by time on task. Higher Education, 64, 709–729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-012-9523-6
Wetherell, S. (2017). Richard Florida is sorry. Jacobin. https://jacobinmag.com/2017/08/new-urban-crisis-review-richard-florida
Williams, A. M. (2007). Listen to me, learn with me: International migration and knowledge transfer. An International Journal of Employment Relations, 45(2), 361–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2007.00618.x
Williams, A. M., & Baláž, V. (2008). Routledge studies in human geography. International migration and knowledge. Routledge.
Zikic, J., Bonache, J., & Cerdin, J.-L. (2010). Crossing national boundaries: A typology of qualified immigrants’ career orientations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(5), 667–686. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.705
Zweig, D., Changgui, Ch., & Rosen, S. (2004). Globalization and transnational human capital: Overseas and returnee scholars to China. The China Quarterly, 179, 735–757. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741004000566